Table 3.
Factors associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among rural students in China.
| Variables | Symptoms of depression (DASS-D > 9) | Symptoms of anxiety (DASS-A > 7) | Symptoms of stress (DASS-S > 14) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | Multivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | Bivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | Multivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | Bivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | Multivariate model, beta value, 95% CI | |
| Visual impairment | 1.009 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.29) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.39) | |||
| Glasses ownership | 0.94 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04)* | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) | ||
| Female gender | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) | |||
| Age | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26)* | 1.09 (0.97, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25)* | 1.12 (1.004, 1.24)** | |
| Grade 8 (vs. 7) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.27) | |||
| Boarding at school | 1.01 (0.83, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | |||
| Han (vs. Hui) ethnicity | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.005)* | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | ||
| Number of siblings | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19)* | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19)** | ||
| Family wealth | ||||||
| Poorest tercile | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Middle tercile | 0.89 (0.69, 1.13)* | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.36) | ||
| Highest tercile | 0.81 (0.64, 1.01)* | 0.91(0.71, 1.17) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | ||
| One or both parents with >9 years of education | 0.76(0.62, 0.92)* | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96)** | 0.76 (0.63, 0.91)* | 0.80(0.66, 0.96)** | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | |
| Left-behind child | 1.21(0.96, 1.52)* | 1.26 (0.99, 1.59) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.40)* | 1.26(1.04, 1.54) ** | 1.10 (0.90, 1.33) | |
| Parents not married | 1.23(0.90, 1.68)* | 1.43 (0.99, 2.05) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.49) | 1.06 (0.79, 1.43) | ||
| Study time (hours) | 0.82(0.74, 0.91)* | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) ** | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04)* | 0.95(0.87, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | |
| Recreational screen time (hours) | 1.17(1.06, 1.29)* | 1.19 (1.08, 1.32) ** | 1.14 (1.03, 1.25)* | 1.15(1.04, 1.27) ** | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29)* | 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) ** |
| Sleep time (hours) | 0.95(0.87, 1.03)* | 0.90 (0.81, 0.97) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02)* | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | |
| Outdoor activity time (hours) | 0.95(0.83, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | |||
*p < 0.2 in the bivariate analysis were exported to the multivariable regression model. **p < 0.05.