Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by cardiometabolic disease status (n = 1464)
| Total (n = 1464) | CMD-free (n = 700) | Single CMD (n = 454) | CMD multimorbidity (n = 310) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.80 ± 10.16 | 58.27 ± 9.98 | 63.42 ± 9.17 | 67.40 ± 8.75 | < 0.001a |
| Female | 629 (42.96%) | 287 (41.00%) | 207 (45.59%) | 135 (43.55%) | 0.297b |
| Education, years | 9.49 ± 4.35 | 9.65 ± 4.25 | 9.09 ± 4.42 | 9.70 ± 4.41 | 0.063a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.62 ± 3.75 | 24.76 ± 3.72 | 26.20 ± 3.46 | 26.70 ± 3.79 | < 0.001a |
| Cigarette use, yes | 399 (27.30%) | 209 (29.94%) | 104 (22.96%) | 86 (27.83%) | 0.033b |
| Alcohol use, yes | 416 (28.50%) | 206 (29.47%) | 131 (28.92%) | 79 (25.57%) | 0.434b |
| Physically active | 811 (55.70%) | 392 (56.40%) | 242 (53.54%) | 177 (57.28%) | 0.520b |
| APOE ε4 carriers | 191 (15.00%) | 82 (13.80%) | 62 (15.62%) | 47 (16.73%) | 0.487b |
| MMSE | 27.75 ± 2.25 | 27.94 ± 2.19 | 27.64 ± 2.38 | 27.51 ± 2.15 | 0.008a |
| CSF AD biomarkers | |||||
| Aβ42, pg/ml | 341.53 ± 212.79 | 336.90 ± 211.92 | 341.28 ± 213.52 | 352.36 ± 213.97 | 0.533c |
| P-tau181, pg/ml | 44.15 ± 14.12 | 42.35 ± 13.32 | 44.49 ± 13.70 | 47.70 ± 15.71 | < 0.001c |
| T-tau, pg/ml | 198.54 ± 90.32 | 186.98 ± 83.14 | 199.24 ± 87.70 | 223.60 ± 103.81 | < 0.001c |
| Aβ42/ Aβ40 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.210c |
| P-tau181/ Aβ42 | 0.19 ± 0.17 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.20 ± 0.17 | 0.21 ± 0.20 | 0.376c |
| T-tau/ Aβ42 | 0.87 ± 0.88 | 0.81 ± 0.71 | 0.89 ± 1.01 | 0.98 ± 1.02 | 0.0579c |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations or number (proportion %)
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, APOE ε4 Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele
aThe difference among the groups was examined by the Kruskal–Wallis test
bThe difference among the groups was examined by the chi-square test
cThe difference among the groups was examined by the analysis of variance (raw data were Box-Cox-transformed). Proportions of missing data: BMI (1.71%), education attainment (0.27%), APOE ε4 (13.11%), cigarette use (0.27%), alcohol use (0.20%), and physical activity (0.55%)