Fig. 5. Impact of charging on KMC-predicted surface dynamics.
(A) Time evolution of a system with C = 0.1 F/m2, ε = 1.5 kT, and μ = +0.5 kT, showing rapid formation of dynamically fluctuating clusters. (B) Time evolution of a system with C = 0.1 F/m2, ε = 1.5 kT, and μ = −0.5 kT. Rapid formation of clusters is followed by gradual growth and coalescence into a continuous partial film. (C) Time evolution of a subcritical system with C = 1 × 1020 F/m2 (no significant charging), ε = 1.5 kT, and μ = −0.08 kT. After nucleation from a sparsely covered surface, a single island grows to cover the entire surface. (D) Time evolution of a supercritical system with C = 1 × 1020 F/m2, ε = 1.0 kT, and μ = −0.08 kT. The surface is quickly covered by a film that continues to fluctuate rapidly and does not coarsen.