Table 2.
Adjusted means and standard deviations of defenses by country.
| Defenses | Mean and standard deviations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | Australia | Canada | Germany | Italy | UK | Total | |
| ODF M | 5.44 | 5.26 | 5.50 | 5.05 | 5.61 | 5.08 | 5.44 |
| SD | .73 | .64 | .78 | .73 | .72 | .76 | .76 |
| C1./L7. Mature M | 50.03 | 44.81 | 51.39 | 42.49 | 55.82 | 42.41 | 50.67 |
| SD | 19.65 | 17.38 | 21.01 | 19.50 | 19.64 | 20.00 | 20.42 |
| C2. Neurotic M | 22.05 | 23.75 | 22.21 | 21.19 | 18.74 | 21.42 | 21.04 |
| SD | 10.51 | 9.09 | 11.35 | 10.17 | 10.60 | 10.57 | 10.79 |
| C3. Immature M | 27.93 | 31.44 | 26.40 | 36.32 | 25.44 | 36.16 | 28.28 |
| SD | 15.17 | 12.77 | 16.39 | 15.22 | 14.87 | 15.72 | 15.81 |
| Depressive M | 15.94 | 18.26 | 14.99 | 22.44 | 13.58 | 21.21 | 16.04 |
| SD | 11.59 | 10.61 | 12.64 | 11.99 | 11.47 | 12.40 | 12.20 |
| Non-dep. M | 11.99 | 13.19 | 11.41 | 13.88 | 11.86 | 14.95 | 12.24 |
| SD | 8.25 | 7.26 | 8.92 | 9.29 | 7.93 | 9.07 | 8.51 |
| L6. Obsessional M | 8.53 | 9.67 | 8.44 | 8.60 | 8.51 | 8.29 | 8.52 |
| SD | 6.17 | 5.08 | 6.70 | 6.41 | 6.90 | 6.54 | 6.54 |
| L5. Neurotic M | 13.51 | 14.08 | 13.77 | 12.59 | 10.23 | 13.13 | 12.53 |
| SD | 7.81 | 7.35 | 8.74 | 7.64 | 7.01 | 7.49 | 7.91 |
| L4. Minor image M | 6.60 | 7.78 | 6.30 | 7.52 | 5.60 | 8.68 | 6.51 |
| SD | 6.34 | 6.11 | 6.82 | 6.84 | 5.91 | 7.25 | 6.51 |
| L3. Disavowal M | 10.17 | 10.61 | 9.60 | 12.26 | 10.96 | 12.03 | 10.60 |
| SD | 7.47 | 6.44 | 8.12 | 8.26 | 7.37 | 7.74 | 7.70 |
| L2. Major image M | 6.85 | 7.93 | 6.48 | 9.87 | 3.80 | 9.34 | 6.35 |
| SD | 6.23 | 5.39 | 7.00 | 7.93 | 5.09 | 7.31 | 6.64 |
| L1. Action M | 4.31 | 5.12 | 4.01 | 6.67 | 5.08 | 6.11 | 4.82 |
| SD | 4.95 | 4.79 | 5.18 | 5.35 | 6.06 | 5.45 | 5.48 |
ODF, overall defensive functioning; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; C, category; L, level; Non-dep, non-depressive; Minor image, Minor image distortion; Major image, Major image distortion. All means are adjusted for age and gender.