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. 2023 Nov 20;11(2):nwad295. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad295

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Lactate is essential for the preimplantation development of early embryos of mice. (A) Lactate levels during the development of preimplantation embryos in mice. Three experimental replicates were performed. Error bars represent SEM. (B) Fluorescence images of mouse embryos from different stages expressing FiLa in nucleus. Scale bars, 20 μm. (C) Interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. (D and E) Development rates of embryos in the groups. Three experimental replicates were performed. (F) Fluorescence images of mouse embryos at the 2-cell stage from different groups expressing FiLa in the nuclei at the 2-cell stage. Scale bars, 20 μm. (G) Overview of the experimental designs. (H and I) Development rates of embryos deprived of lactate at the late zygote and 4-cell stages. DMSO, mKSOM culture medium plus DMSO; G&N, mKSOM culture medium plus Gne140 and NMN; G&N-L, mKSOM culture medium without lactate plus Gne140 and NMN; GSKA&N, mKSOM culture medium plus GSK2837808A and NMN; GSKA&N-L, mKSOM culture medium without lactate plus GSK2837808A and NMN; Error bars are SEM. n.s. means not significant. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Differences between means were calculated using two-tailed Student's t-test.