Table 3.

Breakdown of labels used for multilabel diagnosis across datasets in this study

Labels	VinDr-CXR	ChestX-ray14	CheXpert	MIMIC-CXR	UKA-CXR	PadChest
Cardiomegaly	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Pleural effusion	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔
Pleural effusion right					✔
Pleural effusion left					✔
Pleural thickening	✔	✔				✔
Infiltrates						✔
Pneumonia	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔
Pneumonia right					✔
Pneumonia left					✔
Pneumothorax	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔
Atelectasis	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔
Atelectasis right					✔
Atelectasis left					✔
Consolidation	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔
Congestion					✔	✔
Nodule/mass	✔					✔
Nodule		✔
Mass		✔
Fibrosis	✔	✔
Hernia		✔				✔
Emphysema		✔				✔
Edema		✔
Aortic elongation						✔
Kyphosis						✔
COPD						✔
Scoliosis						✔
Lung opacity	✔		✔	✔
Lung lesion			✔	✔
Fracture			✔	✔
No finding (healthy)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔

The table details the specific labels applied to each dataset’s images for diagnostic purposes. The study’s multilabel diagnosis tasks involved predicting 11, 14, 10, 10, 9, and 17 distinct labels for the VinDr-CXR, ChestX-ray14, CheXpert, MIMIC-CXR, UKA-CXR, and PadChest datasets, respectively. Notably, UKA-CXR delineates separate labels for the presence of atelectasis, pleural effusion, and pneumonia for both the right and left sides of the chest. The “Healthy” label signifies cases without any disease diagnosis. ✔ label utilized in this study

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease