Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to adversity exposure among 136,073 participants in the UKB.
| Total | No adversities | Childhood adversities only | Adulthood adversities only | Cumulative adversitiesa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 136,073 | 42,508 | 21,120 | 31,001 | 41,444 |
| Follow-up year, Mean ± SD, y | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.0 |
| Age, Mean ± SD, y | 55.5 ± 7.7 | 56.1 ± 7.6 | 55.7 ± 7.7 | 55.2 ± 7.8 | 55.1 ± 7.8 |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||
| Women | 78,010 (57.3) | 22,750 (53.5) | 10,473 (49.6) | 19,121 (61.7) | 25,666 (61.9) |
| Men | 58,063 (42.7) | 19,758 (46.5) | 10,647 (50.4) | 11,880 (38.3) | 15,778 (38.1) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%)b | |||||
| White | 132,099 (97.1) | 41,960 (98.7) | 20,575 (97.4) | 30,177 (97.3) | 39,387 (95.0) |
| Black | 1012 (0.7) | 91 (0.2) | 116 (0.5) | 203 (0.7) | 602 (1.5) |
| Asian | 1110 (0.8) | 181 (0.4) | 145 (0.7) | 269 (0.9) | 515 (1.2) |
| Other | 1852 (1.4) | 276 (0.7) | 284 (1.3) | 352 (1.1) | 940 (2.3) |
| Townsend deprivation index, Mean ± SD | −1.7 ± 2.8 | −2.2 ± 2.5 | −2.0 ± 2.7 | −1.6 ± 2.9 | −1.2 ± 3.0 |
| Family history of heart disease or stroke, No. (%) | 75,786 (55.7) | 23,996 (56.5) | 11,896 (56.3) | 17,109 (55.2) | 22,785 (55.0) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | |||||
| Never | 79,239 (58.4) | 26,921 (63.4) | 12,143 (57.6) | 18,420 (59.5) | 21,755 (52.6) |
| Previous | 46,694 (34.4) | 13,338 (31.4) | 7561 (35.9) | 10,165 (32.9) | 15,630 (37.8) |
| Current | 9848 (7.3) | 2176 (5.1) | 1371 (6.5) | 2347 (7.6) | 3954 (9.6) |
| Sleeping duration, hours, No. (%) | |||||
| <7 | 29,130 (21.4) | 7579 (17.8) | 4339 (20.5) | 6683 (21.6) | 10,529 (25.4) |
| 7–9 | 98,888 (72.7) | 32,605 (76.7) | 15,496 (73.4) | 22,519 (72.6) | 28,268 (68.2) |
| >9 | 8055 (5.9) | 2324 (5.5) | 1285 (6.1) | 1799 (5.8) | 2647 (6.4) |
| Regular physical activityc, No. (%) | 108,249 (79.6) | 34,451 (81.0) | 16,954 (80.3) | 24,302 (78.4) | 32,542 (78.5) |
| Healthy dietd, No. (%) | 25,446 (18.7) | 7903 (18.6) | 3894 (18.4) | 5776 (18.6) | 7873 (19.0) |
| Social or leisure activities, No. (%) | |||||
| Sports club or gym | 47,451 (34.9) | 15,820 (37.3) | 7686 (36.5) | 10,564 (34.1) | 13,381 (32.4) |
| Pub or social club | 19,801 (14.6) | 5809 (13.7) | 3061 (14.5) | 4618 (14.9) | 6313 (15.3) |
| Religious group | 12,611 (9.3) | 4311 (10.2) | 2019 (9.6) | 2802 (9.1) | 3479 (8.4) |
| Adult education class | 4716 (3.5) | 1349 (3.2) | 719 (3.4) | 1083 (3.5) | 1565 (3.8) |
| Other group activity | 13,109 (9.7) | 4109 (9.7) | 1910 (9.1) | 3027 (9.8) | 4063 (9.8) |
| None of the above | 38,148 (28.1) | 11,056 (26.0) | 5689 (27.0) | 8853 (28.6) | 12,550 (30.3) |
| Frequency of friend or family visits, No. (%) | |||||
| Never or almost never | 1631 (1.2) | 249 (0.6) | 193 (0.9) | 394 (1.3) | 795 (1.9) |
| Once every few months | 9519 (7.1) | 2418 (5.7) | 1436 (6.8) | 2211 (7.2) | 3454 (8.4) |
| About once a month | 20,953 (15.5) | 6337 (15.0) | 3357 (16.0) | 4645 (15.1) | 6614 (16.1) |
| About once a week | 50,531 (37.5) | 15,908 (37.7) | 7992 (38.1) | 11,352 (37.0) | 15,279 (37.3) |
| 2–4 times a week | 39,714 (29.4) | 13,107 (31.1) | 6260 (29.9) | 9180 (29.9) | 11,167 (27.2) |
| Almost daily | 12,513 (9.3) | 4159 (9.9) | 1727 (8.2) | 2928 (9.5) | 3699 (9.0) |
| Types of adversity, No. (%) | |||||
| Emotional neglect | 57,872 (42.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8348 (39.5) | 17,821 (57.5) | 31,703 (76.5) |
| Physical abuse | 37,060 (27.2) | 0 (0.0) | 8926 (42.3) | 6331 (20.4) | 21,803 (52.6) |
| Emotional abuse | 44,309 (32.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5799 (27.5) | 12,730 (41.1) | 25,780 (62.2) |
| Sexual abuse | 17,933 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3896 (18.4) | 2502 (8.1) | 11,535 (27.8) |
| Physical neglect | 32,117 (23.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5185 (24.6) | 5752 (18.6) | 21,180 (51.1) |
| Total score of adversity, median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 10.0) |
| Depression, No. (%) | 44,569 (32.8) | 9009 (21.2) | 6324 (29.9) | 10,477 (33.8) | 18,759 (45.3) |
| BMI, Mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 4.5 | 26.4 ± 4.2 | 26.8 ± 4.4 | 26.5 ± 4.6 | 27.0 ± 4.8 |
| Inflammatory scoree, Mean ± SD | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 1.2 |
| Biological agef, Mean ± SD, y | 48.9 ± 9.3 | 49.2 ± 9.1 | 49.0 ± 9.3 | 48.6 ± 9.3 | 48.7 ± 9.3 |
| Diabetes, No. (%) | 4346 (3.2) | 1193 (2.8) | 671 (3.2) | 1002 (3.2) | 1480 (3.6) |
Continuous variables are described as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for those with normal distribution and median (interquartile range) for those with non-normal distribution. Categorical data are described as n (%).
Cumulative adversities denote adversities in both childhood and adulthood.
Race/ethnicity: White includes individuals with British, Irish and any other white background; Black includes individuals with Caribbean, African and any other Black background; Asian includes individuals with Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and any other Asian background.
Regular physical activity refers to ≥150 min/week of moderate activity or ≥75 min/week of vigorous activity.
Healthy diet refers to the intake of at least 5 healthy foods, such as more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, (shell)fish, dairy, vegetable oils, and less refined grains, processed meats, unprocessed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages.
The inflammatory biomarker score is a standardised z score calculated based on the levels of C-reactive protein and white blood cell count.
The biological aging was assessed using the PhenoAge algorithm, which integrates chronological age and nine biomarkers of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, C-reactive protein, glucose, mean cell volume, red cell distribution width, white blood cell count, and lymphocyte proportion.