Figure 2.

Effect of venoms on the migration of human myoblasts. Representative images of migration trajectories of AB1190 myoblasts are shown for the controls along with D. russelii (A) or N. naja (D) venom group after exposure to 1.25, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL of venoms for 24 h. By tracking selected individual cells, migration distance and speed were calculated using ImageJ with the MtrackJ plugin extension. To allow easier comparison, the mean values of the controls were taken as 100% to calculate the values for venom-treated samples. The bar graphs represent the relative cell migration distance (B,E) and migration speed (C,F) of cells. Data represent mean ± SEM (30 cells were tracked for each venom concentration). P values (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001) shown were as calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test using GraphPad Prism. The scale bars represent 100 µm. Similarly, the impact of the same concentrations of D. russelii (G) and N. naja (H) venoms was analysed using a scratch assay in myoblasts for 24 h. The graphs represent the time taken for cells to traverse the scratch made in the myoblast monolayer and make contact on the other side. The time taken for the cells from one side to contact the cells on the other side was compared with the controls. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). P value (***p < 0.001) shown was calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni Post hoc test using GraphPad Prism.