Fig. 8. The schematic diagram shows the transfer of ligand-receptor immune complexes to the recipient cells and its importance in EV signaling.

Binding of LPS to a donor cell via TLR initiates intracellular signaling pathways, engaging MYD88, IRAK1/4, TRAF6, and NF-kB. Subsequently, microvesicles containing the complete signaling complex are released from the donor cell. When these microparticles bind to their target, the recipient cell can leverage the signaling complex to activate its NF-kB pathway. (Created with BioRender.com).