Table 2.
Veterinary studies on EVs in therapeutic effect.
| Species | EVs origin | EV subtype | Disease/model | Therapeutic effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canis lupus familiaris | MSC | Exosomes | Cutaneous injury | Accelerate wound healing | (113) |
| Mus musculus | Adipose tissue-derived MSCs | EVs | DSS-induced colitis | Relief colitis symptoms | (114) |
| Equus caballus | 5-azacytidine and resveratrol pre-treated MSC | MVs | Ligament injury | Increase lesion filling and improve angiogenesis and elasticity in injury tissue | (97) |
| Canis lupus familiaris | Canis lupus familiaris M1-polarized macrophages | EVs | melanoma and osteosarcoma tumor cell line | Induce apoptosis and increase the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines | (115) |
| Canis lupus familiaris | Human PRP | Exosome | Dexamethasone treated tenocyte | Reduce cellular apoptosis | (116) |
| Equus caballus | MSC | EVs | IL-1 and TNF-α treated chondrocyte | Decrease inflammation | (117) |
| Canis lupus familiaris | MSC | EVs | renal ischemia–reperfusion injury | Attenuate renal dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis | (118) |
In this table, we summarized published veterinary studies using EVs as therapeutic agents according to species, EVs origin, EV subtype, disease/model, and the therapeutic effects when applied. MSC, Mesenchymal stem cell.