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. 2024 Feb 7;14:3125. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53441-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biofilm formation/inhibition assay; (a) Distribution of FQ-resistant A. baumannii isolates and standard strains A. baumannii ATCC 19606 and 17978 according to biofilm formation. (b,c) The impact of subinhibitory concentrations (1/2 and 1/4 MIC) of F_CIP and F_LEV compared to CIP and LEV on biofilm formation of three representative isolates of A. baumannii that were both XDR and strong biofilm producers and standard A. baumannii strain ATCC19606: (b) The effect of F_CIP and CIP. (c) The effect of F_LEV and LEV. Control: Culture treated with plain NPs. Experiments represent four replicates and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by the one-way ANOVA test: P < 0.01 was considered significant (**P < 0.01). MIC minimum inhibitory concentration, CIP ciprofloxacin, LEV levofloxacin, F_CIP CIP-loaded nanoparticles, F_LEV LEV-loaded nanoparticles, plain NPs plain poly ε-caprolactone nanoparticles.