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. 2023 Oct 4;73(2):298–310. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330365

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Predicted functional shifts and their correlations with changes in microbiota genera and in reward-related brain activation after prebiotic intervention (exploratory analyses). (A) Dissimilarity of functional composition of microbiome preprebiotic to versus postprebiotic intervention based on NMDS stress test (p=0.001) and principal component analysis of relative abundance of predicted KEGG orthologues statistics, calculated by PERMANOVA (p_adj=0.002). (B) Change scores of Bifidobacterium abundance and arginine biosynthesis (ko00220), (C) Bifidobacterium abundance and cysteine and methionine metbolism (ko00270), (D) flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) and changes in reward-related brain response, (E) stilbenoid, gingerol biosynthesis (ko00945) and reward-related brain response. (B–E), all r>0.32, all p<0.05 according to Spearman’s correlation, line gives regression fit with 95% CI. KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes; NMDS, non-metric multidimensional scaling; PERMANOVA, permutational multivariate analysis of variance; VTA, ventral tegmental area.