Table 1.
Characteristics of participating studies at baseline
| Variable | Discovery study (n = 32) | PROTON: Independent cohort |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy controls (n = 50) | DKD cases (n = 110) | ||
| Age | 63.1 (8.3) | 58.6 (12.5) | 61.0 (9.8) |
| Gender (male, %) | 87.5 | 56.0 | 59.1 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 15.9 (4.7) | 0 | 45.2 (13.1) |
| Weight (kg) | 105.4 (20.2) | 74.0 (13.0) | 78.6 (17.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.7 (5.4) | 24.4 (3.2) | 26.4 (4.5) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 72.8 (14.1) | 35.7 (2.7) | 62.3 (10.7) |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.8 (1.2) | 5.4 (0.2) | 7.8 (1.0) |
| UACR (mg/g) | 153.8 (94.2–328.9) | 3.6 (2.6–4.6) | 42.9 (11.0–195.8) |
| Office systolic BP (mm Hg) | 141.1 (15.3) | 125.5 (15.2) | 135.5 (19.6) |
| Office diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 82.9 (10.2) | 76.7 (9.7) | 72.7 (9.3) |
| Ambulatory systolic BP (mm Hg) | 146.5 (11.7) | 133.1 (12.4) | 139.2 (13.0) |
| Ambulatory diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 82.9 (7.9) | 79.7 (6.6) | 76.3 (6.3) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 80.0 (22.3) | 75.0 (15.1) | 105.1 (49.3) |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2, CKD-EPI) | 85.5 (19.1) | 88.7 (13.7) | 68.5 (25.6) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.6 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) |
| ALAT (U/l) | 40.3 (15.6) | 31.1 (6.7) | 35.6 (9.9) |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 34.4 | 0 | 54.5 |
ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
Characteristics from the DapKid study and the PROTON study, which was used as the independent cohort in the current study. Continuous, normally distributed variables are reported as mean and SD, whereas nonnormally distributed variables are reported as median and interquartile range. The full study population of the DapKid study (n = 36) has been described previously.14 Geometric mean of 3 morning visits.