| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Combining lead and tin in perovskite structures to balance toxicity reduction with efficacy and stability |
Reduction in toxicity with maintained efficacy and stability; Sn-based perovskites solidify before Pb-based due to their difference in crystallization rate |
127
|
| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Control of crystallization rates to promote vertical crystal growth and mitigate nonuniform growth |
Improved device quality due to enhanced crystallinity, reducing residual stress in the perovskite |
128
|
| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Studying the bandgap bowing effect in Sn and Pb alloyed perovskites |
Narrower bandgap due to ‘bowing effect’, leading to variations influenced by the organic cation and halide present |
135
|
| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Adjusting Sn concentration in perovskites to control defect formation and oxidation |
Sn concentration between 30% and 50% recovers optoelectronic quality; lower concentrations create deep-level traps |
139
|
| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Fine-tuning the composition of the perovskite material, specifically the mixed A cation |
Higher efficiency achieved with specific ratios of FA and MA; correlation between Urbach energy and efficiency |
150 and 151
|
| Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites |
Partially substituting MA+ or FA+ with inorganic Cs in Sn–Pb-based perovskites to enhance film stability |
Increased moisture and light stability; homogeneous film formation, especially in high Sn concentrations |
153
|
