Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of variables (N=5678 hospital-year observations).
| Variables | 2014 (n=1420) | 2015 (n=1453) | 2016 (n=1393) | 2017 (n=1412) | ||||
| Levels of EHRa adoption, mean (SD) | 0.871 (0.127) | 0.890 (0.121) | 0.899 (0.127) | 0.917 (0.102) | ||||
| Operating margin, mean (SD) | 0.070 (0.122) | 0.065 (0.132) | 0.06 (0.140) | 0.057 (0.136) | ||||
| Total margin, mean (SD) | 1.014 (2.847) | 0.005 (26.4) | 1.136 (7.217) | 0.951 (1.129) | ||||
| Average length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 3.911 (1.134) | 3.881 (0.954) | 7.87 (153.3) | 7.945 (160.4) | ||||
| Readmission rate, mean (SD) | 0.998 (0.003) | 0.995 (0.006) | 0.995 (0.006) | 0.994 (0.007) | ||||
| Market competition (HHIb) in terms of discharges, mean (SD) | 0.101 (0.199) | 0.086 (0.157) | 0.088 (0.172) | 0.098 (0.193) | ||||
| Medicare percentage, mean (SD) | 0.512 (0.140) | 0.518 (0.128) | 0.518 (0.130) | 0.521 (0.124) | ||||
| Medicaid percentage, mean (SD) | 0.197 (0.120) | 0.202 (0.115) | 0.203 (0.114) | 0.204 (0.112) | ||||
| Beds (n), mean (SD) | 257 (231) | 256 (229) | 254 (232) | 255 (236) | ||||
| Ownership, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
Nongovernment not-for-profit | 1105 (77.76 ) | 1145 (78.8 ) | 1177 (78.31) | 1198 (78.82) | |||
|
|
Investor-owned for-profit | 294 (20.69) | 295 (20.30) | 311 (20.69) | 305 (20.07) | |||
|
|
Government nonfederal | 22 (1.55) | 13 (0.89) | 15 (1) | 17 (1.12) | |||
| Affiliation, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
Yes | 584 (47.29) | 660 (51.36) | 687 (51.58) | 731 (56.67) | |||
|
|
No | 651 (52.71) | 625 (48.64) | 645 (48.42) | 559 (43.33) | |||
| Teaching status, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
Yes | 560 (39.41) | 569 (39.16) | 595 (39.59) | 599 (39.41) | |||
|
|
No | 861 (60.59) | 884 (60.84) | 908 (60.41) | 921 (60.59) | |||
aEHR: electronic health record.
bHHI: Herfindahl-Hirschman Index.