. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2023 May 23;70:101794. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101794

Table 4.

Summarized results.

What did we know prior to this study?

• Short sleep and long sleep are associated with subclinical arteriosclerosis and overt cardiovascular disease (CVD).

What didn’t we know prior to this study?

• The exact nature of the relationship between sleep duration and arteriosclerosis (measured by pulse wave velocity).

What does this study add?

• Evidence for the association of sleep duration and arterial stiffness, including moderator and sub-group analysis.

• Short sleep (<7 h): WMD = 20.6 cm/s, 95% Confidence intervals (CI): 13.8–27.4 cm/s, SMD = 0.02

• Long sleep (>9 h): WMD = 33.6 cm/s, 95%CI: 20.0–47.2 cm/s, SMD = 0.79.

How do we use this new information?

• This study provides a higher level of evidence of the association of subclinical CVD and short or long sleep.

• This information supports public health policy focused on healthy sleep guidelines for regularly short and long sleep, including for populations at high risk for CVD.

What needs to happen next to move the field forward?

• Longitudinal studies are needed to assess any causal relationship between sleep duration and arterial stiffness.

• Investigation into the role of other aspects of sleep, such as sleep quality, on CVD, which could influence the relationship between sleep duration and CVD.