Table 3.

Studies calculating the cost of adverse drug events, economic data

N°	First author (year) (ref)	Costs Settings	Perspective	Time horizon	Quality score	Individual cost (per patient)
1	Katsuno et al. (2021) [19]	Direct costs (micro-costing): Each clinic/technical fee including medical supplies and drugs	Public health insurance	6 months	0.74	€ 5 937
2	Trumbo et al. (2021) [8]	Estimated direct costs: Hospital admission costs	Hospital	6 years	0.69	NA
3	Iwasaki et al. (2021) [18]	Estimated direct costs: Daily hospital medical expenditure	Hospital	3 months	0.87	€ 6 034
4	Tissot et al. (2021) [9]	Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs and additional items (daily supplements for extreme lengths of hospital stays, daily supplements for intensive care stay, expensive drugs or medical devices)	Public health insurance	4 years	0.67	€5 559 ± 8 448 median: €3 725 IQR: [401;114 576]
5	Maity et al. (2021) [10]	Direct costs: Direct healthcare costs (national average cost of hospitalisation for poisoning/toxic effect of drug category for different age groups) Indirect/Opportunity costs: Potential loss of income over a lifetime with human capital approach (calculated for patient aged between 19–64; ages below 19, only future forgone incomes were included) Lost productivity with friction cost approach	3 = Patient + Health system + Societal	4 years	0.92	Patient perspective: €451 (infliximab) €359 (adalimumab) Health system perspective: €230 (infliximab) €100 (adalimumab) Society perspective: €240 (infliximab) €110 (adalimumab)
6	Knight et al. (2019) [11]	Direct costs: Hospital costs (bed, food, basic nursing, infrastructure), average (mid-range) salary in each personnel category was applied accounting for the varying levels of attending staff, laboratory and radiology investigations, medications costs	Hospital	5 years	0.63	€5 831 CI95%: 5134–6527
7	Boostani et al. (2019) [20]	Estimated direct costs: Medication cost	2 = Patient, Health insurance	8 months	0.70	€7.46
8	Riaz et al. (2019) [16]	Direct costs: Hospital admission costs	Public health insurance (MEDICARE)	11 months	0.87	NK
9	Beck et al. (2019) [12]	Estimated direct costs: Emergency department visit + intensive care stay + hospital admission costs	Public health insurance (MEDICAID)	1 year	0.48	€456
10	Lee et al. (2019) [21]	Direct medical costs (micro-costing): Costs related to physician + medication cost + laboratory + radiology + hospital admission + surgical + medical supplies	Hospital	6 months	0.67	€1 881 incremental costs compare to before ADR
11	Liao et al. (2019) [17]	Direct medical costs: Hospital admission and medication costs	Hospital	6 years	0.70	€5 422.40 medical expenses incremental costs compare to non-ADR group control €1459.40 medication incremental costs compare to non-ADR group control
12	Pok et al. (2018) [14]	Direct medical costs: Hospital admission + outpatient care + surgical procedures + diagnostic investigations + treatment costs for managing upper GI adverse events	Hospital	2 years	0.67	€136.60
13	Schnippel et al. (2018) [13]	Direct medical costs: Medication cost + laboratory/investigation + outpatient care + hospital admission + medical supplies	Hospital	10 years	0.70	€380.17 incremental costs compared to no ADR
14	Shafi et al. (2018) [15]	Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs	Health system	33 months	0.71	€8 225 incremental cost compared to no ADR
15	Kurle et al. (2018) [22]	Direct costs: Investigation + drugs + transport costs Indirect costs: Loss of income (patient + relatives)	Patient	1 year	0.70	€83.97
16	Slight et al. (2018) [23]	Estimated cost of a preventable ADE in inpatients: Bates 1997 [28]: Hospital admission costs Hug 2012 [29]: Hospital admission + overheads + capital costs Opportunity costs: Estimating the time and cost of responding to Clinical Decision Support alerts	Hospital	1 year	0.76	NK
17	Gyllensten et al. (2017) [24]	Direct costs: Outpatient care + home visits (nurse or physician) + hospital admission costs	Unspecified	3 months	0.76	€1 500 (diagnostic code method) €414 000 (unit cost method)
18	Natanaelsson et al. (2017) [25]	Direct costs: Outpatient care + ambulatory care + hospital admission + medication costs + Labour Indirect costs: Lost productivity/income	4 = Hospital, patient, public health insurance, employer	3 months	0.83	€505 (with €192 of indirect costs) (real costs) €1 631 (€410 of indirect costs) (propension scoring)
19	McCarthy Jr. et al. (2017) [26]	Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs	Hospital	13 months	0.65	€2 271€ IQR: 981–13 455 (incremental costs)
20	Spector et al. (2017) [27]	Direct costs: Hospital admission/annual hospital costs (“production of hospital services) excluding physician wages	Hospital	3 years	0.67	Anticoagulant: €7 644 (acute myocardial infarction) to €12 849€ (pneumonia) Hypoglycaemic agent: €2 747 (heart failure) to €9 054 (major surgery)

NK Not known, NA Not applicable