Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of mortality cases, showing mean ± SD or N (%). Deaths that occurred in block groups
| Variable | All included individuals (n = 8,884,733) | Individuals from historically-redlined areas (n = 189,687) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.96 (14.68) | 72.55 (15.69%) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 4,322,095 (48.65%) | 93,776 (49.44%) |
| Female | 4,562,367 (51.35%) | 95,906 (50.56%) |
| Unknown | 271 (0.00%) | 5 (0.00%) |
| Race | ||
| White | 7,615,811 (85.72%) | 101,892 (53.72%) |
| Black | 917,202 (10.32%) | 73,568 (38.78%) |
| Other | 319,191 (3.59%) | 13,604 (7.17%) |
| Unknown | 32,529 (0.37%) | 623 (0.33%) |
| Education level | ||
| Less than high school | 1,964,879 (22.12%) | 63,522 (33.49%) |
| High school | 3,656,272 (41.15%) | 76,351 (40.25%) |
| More than high school | 2,888,161 (32.51%) | 39,646 (20.90%) |
| Unknown | 375,421 (4.23%) | 10,168 (5.36%) |
| Reporting state | ||
| California (2009–2016) | 1,771,689 (19.94%) | 48,406 (25.52%) |
| Florida (2007–2016) | 1,583,311 (17.82%) | 11,576 (6.10%) |
| Georgia (2007–2009) | 179,105 (2.02%) | 1,688 (0.89%) |
| Illinois (2008–2016) | 848,851 (9.55%) | 39,819 (20.99%) |
| Indiana (2007–2008) | 97,459 (1.10%) | 3,715 (1.96%) |
| Kansas (2007–2009) | 62,279 (0.70%) | 1,439 (0.76%) |
| Massachusetts (2000–2015) | 778,304 (8.76%) | 23,398 (12.34%) |
| Michigan (2007–2013) | 546,603 (6.15%) | 15,707 (8.28%) |
| Missouri (2010–2016) | 354,958 (4.00%) | 6,378 (3.36%) |
| New Hampshire (2007–2016) | 85,521 (0.96%) | 283 (0.15%) |
| New Jersey (2004–2009) | 349,596 (3.93%) | 14,175 (7.47%) |
| Ohio (2007–2013) | 679,135 (7.64%) | 9,701 (5.11%) |
| Texas (2007–2016) | 1,547,922 (17.42%) | 13,402 (7.07%) |
| HOLC grade (> 90% block group pop.) | ||
| A (“Best”) | 29,605 (0.33%) | N/A |
| B (“Still Desirable”) | 117,492 (1.32%) | N/A |
| C (“Definitely Declining”) | 378,468 (4.26%) | N/A |
| D (“Hazardous”, i.e. redlined) | 189,687 (2.13%) | 189,687 (100%) |
| E (Unknown) | 53 (0.00%) | N/A |
| Ambiguous | 675,266 (7.60%) | N/A |
| Unclassified | 7,437,289 (84.35%) | N/A |
| BG outside of HOLC areas | 7,380,316 (99.23%) | N/A |