Fig. 1.

Common and different mechanisms of ALD and NAFLD/MASLD. Abbreviations: ER, endoplasmic reticulum; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; FFAs, free fatty acids; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; Sirt, sirtuin; Stat3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PPR alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF, transforming growth factor; CXCL1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15; IFN, interferon; NK, natural killer