Table 2.
Cardiopulmonary exercise test data in 193 patients with post COVID syndrome
| CP disease + (n 55) | CP disease − (n 143) | CT > 7.2% (n 51) | CT < = 7.2% (n 99) | DLCO < 80% (n 75) | DLCO > 80% (n 119) | Vcap < 80% (n 63) | Vcap > = 80% (n 114) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.8 ± 13.1 | 63.1 ± 16.1* | 61.6 ± 13.2 | 54.1 ± 14.9* | 58.8 ± 15.6 | 54.1 ± 13.2# | 59.0 ± 14.8 | 54.1 ± 13.6# |
| Gender (males) | 37 (67%) | 73 (51%) | 29 (57%) | 52 (53%) | 39 (52%) | 70 (59%) | 34 (54%) | 66 (58) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | 27.3 ± 3.9 | 25.1 ± 3.8* | 26.5 ± 4.6 | 25.2 ± 3.6# | 26.4 ± 4.6 | 25.3 ± 3.8 |
| Ramp protocol (Watt/min) | 12.6 ± 4.5 | 13.9 ± 4.7 | 12.7 ± 4.5 | 13.7 ± 4.5 | 12.4 ± 4. 38 | 14.3 ± 4.8* | 13.4 ± 4.1 | 13.9 ± 4.9 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 127 ± 27 | 145 ± 26* | 131 ± 28 | 143 ± 27# | 133 ± 29 | 145 ± 25* | 131 ± 28 | 146 ± 25* |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 [1.03–1.16] | 1.08 [1.04–1.13] | 1.07 [1.03–1.14] | 1.08 [1.04–1.12] | 1.08 [1.02–1.14] | 1.09 [1.05–1.13] | 1.07 [1.02–1.13] | 1.09 [1.05–1.14] |
| Peak power (Watt) | 104 [84–158] | 132[97–165§] | 112 [85–156] | 124 [88–169] | 112 [82–147] | 136 [99–177]* | 130 [97–165] | 130 [96–165] |
| Peak VO2 (mL/min/kg) | 19.3 ± 5.9 | 22.3 ± 6.3* | 19.6 ± 5.4 | 22.0 ± 6.1# | 19.1 ± 5.5 | 23.4 ± 6.4* | 20.0 ± 5.4 | 23.0 ± 6.7* |
| Peak VO2 (% pred) | 73.0 ± 17.33 | 83.5 ± 17.9* | 80.6 ± 17.6 | 80.7 ± 18.6 | 76.3 ± 18.3 | 84.1 ± 18.3 | 78.1 ± 18.7 | 83.4 ± 18.0 |
| VO2/work (mL/min/Watt) | 9.6 ± 1.2 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 9.8 ± 1.3 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 1.1 | 9.9 ± 1.4 |
| VE intercept (L/min) | 3.15 ± 2.55 | 3.38 ± 2.59 | 3.63 ± 2.82 | 3.06 ± 2.41 | 3.31 ± 2.97 | 3.42 ± 2.55 | 3.91 ± 3.02 | 3.25 ± 2.53 |
| VE/VCO2 slope | 31.8 [28.6–35.2] | 29.3 [25.8–31.6]* | 29.7 [27.3–32.5] | 29.6 [25.9–32.3] | 30.8 [26.3–34.6] | 29.1 [25.8–31.3]* | 30.1 [25.4–34.6] | 29.4 [26.0–31.6] |
| VO2/HR (mL/beat) | 11.3 [9.4–13.7] | 11.0 [8.6–13.8]* | 11.8 [9.3–13.7] | 10.4 [8.5–13.7] | 10.5 [8.6–12.1] | 11.7 [9.3–14.0]# | 11.4 [9.5–13.8] | 11.3 [8.7–13.8] |
| VO2/HR (% pred) | 97.6 ± 19.5 | 99.4 ± 18.3 | 99 [87.5–112] | 99.5 [86–110] | 94 [83–106] | 101 [89–115] | 97.5 [86–111] | 100 [87–112] |
| AT VO2 (mL/min/kg) | 11.6 [9.9–15.4] | 13.4 [11.6–16.6]# | 12.2 [11.2–14.1] | 13.8 [11.5–16.7]# | 11.9 [9.6–14.6] | 14.0 [11.8–17.1]* | 12.8 [10.4–15.3] | 13.8 [11.4–17.2]# |
| Rest SpO2 (%) | 97.0 ± 1.5 | 97.4 ± 1.3 | 97.1 ± 1.3 | 97.4 ± 1.4 | 97.2 ± 1.3 | 97.3 ± 1.4 | 97.12 ± 1.4 | 97.4 ± 1.3 |
| Peak SpO2 (%) | 96.8 ± 2.1 | 97.1 ± 1.6 | 96.8 ± 2.0 | 97.1 ± 1.4 | 96.5 ± 2.1 | 97.4 ± 1.2* | 96.6 ± 2.0 | 97.3 ± 1.2* |
| Peak VE (L/min) | 58.4 [46.7–70.9] | 57.6 [46.4–70.9] | 57.4 [50.0–69.0] | 57.4 [43.9–70.4] | 55.2 [43.9–66.5] | 62.9 [49.0 -76.1]# | 57.3 [50.2–75.8] | 59.3 [46.1–72.0] |
| Peak RR (breath/min) | 33.7 ± 7.3 | 32.2 ± 7.0 | 33.5 ± 7.2 | 31.9 ± 6.7 | 32.4 ± 6.7 | 32.7 ± 7.3 | 31.7 ± 7.1 | 32.9 ± 6.9 |
| VT (L) | 1.7 [1.4–2.4] | 1.8 [1.5–2.4] | 1.8 [1.5–2.2] | 1.8 [1.4–2.3] | 1.7 [1.4–2.1] | 1.9 [1.5–2.5]# | 1.9 [1.6–2.4] | 1.8 [1.5–2.4] |
| Breathing Reserve (%) | 48.76 ± 14.24 | 50.63 ± 11.79 | 46.91 ± 15.88 | 51.52 ± 10.99# | 50.25 ± 13.38 | 49.97 ± 11.93 | 50.88 ± 13.2 | 50.34 ± 11.33 |
| peak SBP (mmHg) | 183 ± 30 | 193 ± 28§ | 192 ± 28 | 188 ± 31 | 187 ± 28 | 192 ± 30 | 187 ± 28 | 193 ± 30 |
HR: heart rate; peak VO2: peak oxygen intake; VE: ventilation; VE/VCO2 slope: minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production relationship; SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation; RR: respiratory rate; VT: tidal volume; SBP: systolic blood pressure; CP disease: history of cardiopulmonary diseases; CT: thoracic computer tomography; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (data corrected for hemoglobin); Vcap: capillary volume; DM: membrane diffusion. *p < 0.01; #p < 0.05; §p = 0.05; @p = 0.06