Table 1.
Summary of the factors that influence cervical cancer screening programme implementation based on findings synthesized from quantitative studies, 2022
| Factors | Correlation with screening | Statistically significant effect on screening | No. of studies | Conclusion | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Increasing | Decreasing | |||
| Individual-level factors | ||||||
| Age (≥ 30 years) | 12 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 13 | Facilitator |
| Educational status (≥ primary) | 9 | – | 9 | 9 | Facilitator | |
| Income | 7 | – | 8 | 3 | 10 | Facilitator |
| Occupation (government | 2 | – | 2 | – | 2 | Facilitator |
| Employment (yes) | 1 | – | 1 | – | - | Facilitator |
| Residence (urban) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Facilitator |
| Religion (Christian) | 1 | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence | ||
| Knowledge (good) | 13 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 26 | Facilitator |
| Perceived susceptibility | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 10 | Facilitator |
| Perceived fear ( test result, pain, removing womb | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Attitude (positive) | 3 | – | 3 | – | 3 | Facilitator |
| History of illness (family) | 4 | – | 4 | – | 4 | Facilitator |
| History of visiting health facility | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | Limited evidence |
| Interpersonal level factors | ||||||
| Partners refusal (disapproval) | – | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | Barrier |
| Family size | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Peer attitude (positive subjective norm) | 2 | – | 2 | – | 2 | Facilitator |
| Organizational-level factors | ||||||
| Provider recommendation | 4 | - | 3 | 1 | 4 | Facilitator |
| Provider knowledge | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Limited evidence |
| Attitude of provider | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Barriers |
| Source of information (provider) | 2 | – | 2 | - | 2 | Facilitator |
| Sex (male) | – | 3 | – | 3 | 3 | Barrier |
| Type of profession (physician) | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Facility working | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Limited evidence |
| Community-level factors | ||||||
| Social stigmatization | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Social values and beliefs | – | 2 | – | 2 | 2 | Barriers |
| Health system and policy-level factors | ||||||
| Inaccessibility to healthcare services | – | 4 | – | 4 | 4 | Barrier |
| Cost of CC screening services | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Barrier | |
| Financial incentive (free treatment) | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | 2 | Facilitator |
| Health education programme | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | Facilitator |
| Long queues | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Long distance from healthcare facility | 3 | – | 3 | - | 3 | Barrier |
| Having health insurance coverage | 4 | – | 4 | – | 4 | Barrier |
| Satisfaction with screening services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Inconclusive |
| Quality of screening services | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Lack of national cancer prevention policies | – | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |
| Healthcare involvement as bad | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | Limited evidence |