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. 2024 Feb 7;12:24. doi: 10.1186/s40337-024-00982-5

Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies involved in the systematic review and meta-analysis about the prevalence of disordered eating in Athletes

SN REF Study Country Sample Characteristics Design Measure
1 [59] Abbott et al., 2021 Multiple Female sex = 30.8%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
2 [46] Akesdotter et al., 2022 Sweden Female sex = 68%; mean age 23.5 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study RD
3 [48] Al-Jumayan et al., 2021 Saudi Arabia Female sex = 48.9%; mean age 31 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
4 [60] Alwan et al., 2022 UK Female sex = 100%; mean age 29 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
5 [61] Anderson and Petrie 2012 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study QEDD
6 [62] Armento et al., 2023 Colorado Female sex = 70%; mean age 40.9 years; mean BMI 22.8 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
7 [63] Barrack et al., 2008 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
8 [64] Barrack et al., b 2023 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.7 years; mean BMI 22.0 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
9 [65] Beals and Hill, 2006 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.5 years; mean BMI 22.9 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
10 [66] Beals and Manore 2002 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19 years; mean BMI 22.5 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = EDI-3
11 [67] Beals, 2002 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.8 years; mean BMI 22.2 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
12 [68] Beekley et al., 2009 USA Female sex = 14%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
13 [69] Borgelt and Burmeister 2022 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 23.26 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
14 [70] Borowiec et al., b 2023 Poland

Female sex = NR%; mean age

23.2 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2

 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
15 [71] Brook et al., a 2019 Multiple Female sex = 42.3%; mean age 31.7 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study T1 & T2 EDEQ
16 [47] Brown et al., 2014 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 20.88 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
17 [72] Brown et al., 2020 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 20.15 years; mean BMI 23.29 kg/m2 Cohort study EAT-26
18 [73] Burrows et al., 2007 Canada Female sex = 100%; mean age 31.1 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SIAB-S
19 [74] Byrne and McLean 2002 Australia Female sex = 59%; mean age 19.55 years; mean BMI 21.25 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-2
20 [75] Carvalhais et al., 2019 Portugal Female sex = 100%; mean age 20.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
21 [76] Chatterton and Petrie 2013 USA Female sex = 0%; mean age 19.9 years; mean BMI 24.3 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study QEDD
22 [77] Checa Olmos et al., b 2023 Spain Female sex = 35.9%; mean age 14.1 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 SCOFF
23 [78] Cobb et al., 2003 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 21.75 years; mean BMI 21.35 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
24 [79] Coelho et al., a 2013 Brazil Female sex = 100%; mean age 14.77 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = BITE

M3 = BSQ
25 [80] Cox et al., 1997 USA Female sex = 92%; mean age 19.3 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
26 [81] De Borja et al., a 2021 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.8 years; mean BMI 22.86 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = BEDA-Q

M2 = RD

M3 = ESP
27 [82] Dervish et al., b 2023 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age NR years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study FAST
28 [83] Devrim et al., 2018 Turkey Female sex = 0%; mean age 28.25 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-40
29 [84] Doyle-Lucas et al., 2010 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 24.3 years; mean BMI 18.9 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
30 [85] Escobar-Molina et al., 2015 Spain Female sex = 46%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-40
31 [86] Ferrand and Brunet 2004 France Female sex = 0%; mean age 21.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
32 [87] Filaire et al., 2011 France Female sex = 50%; mean age 19.5 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
33 [88] Flatt et al., 2021 Multiple Female sex = 92%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
34 [22] Fortes et al., 2014 Brazil Female sex = 20%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
35 [20] Ghazzawi et al., 2022 Jordan Female sex = 41%; mean age 31 years; mean BMI 25 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
36 [89] Gibson et al., 2019 New Zealand Female sex = 0%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-3
37 [1] Giel et al., 2016 German Female sex = 44%; mean age 16.3 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SCOFF
38 [90] Glotz et al., a 2013 Brazil Female sex = 0%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = BITE
39 [91] Godoy-Izquierdo and Díaz 2021 Spain Female sex = 100%; mean age 20.9 years; mean BMI 23.1 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
40 [92] Gouttebarge and Kerkhoffs, a 2017 Multiple Female sex = 0%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study RD
41 [93] Gouttebarge et al., 2017 Multiple Female sex = 64%; mean age 27.3 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
42 [94] Gouttebarge et al., 2017 Multiple Female sex = 50%; mean age 33 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study RD
43 [95] Greenleaf et al., 2009 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 20 years; mean BMI 23 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study QEDD
44 [53] Gullivera et al., 2015 Australia Female sex = 53%; mean age 24.9 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SCOFF
45 [96] Hauck et al., 2020 German Female sex = 56.4%; mean age 36.44 years; mean BMI 22.83 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDDS
46 [97] Hoch et al., 2011 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 23.2 years; mean BMI 19 kg/m2 Cohort study EDEQ
47 [98] Hoch et al., 2009 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 16.5 years; mean BMI 21.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
48 [99] Hopkinson and Lock, a 2004 USA Female sex = 48%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = EDEQ
49 [100] Hulley and Hill 2001 UK Female sex = 100%; mean age 28.5 years; mean BMI 21.05 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
50 [101] Janout and Janoutová c 2004 Czech Republic Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 18 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
51 [102] Joubert et al., 2022 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
52 [103] Joubert et al., 2020 Multiple Female sex = 23.1%; mean age 32.5 years; mean BMI 22.4 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
53 [104] Junge and Hauschild 2023 German Female sex = 55.8%; mean age NR years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDE-QS
54 [105] Kampouri et al., 2019 Greece Female sex = 100%; mean age 23.66 years; mean BMI 22.07 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
55 [106] Karlson et al., 2001 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.89 years; mean BMI 20.21 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
56 [107] Karlsson et al., 2023 Sweden Female sex = 100%; mean age 32.4 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
57 [108] Kennedy et al., 2017 USA Female sex = 52.11%; mean age 40.3 years; mean BMI 23.7 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
58 [109] Kristjánsdóttir et al., a 2019 Iceland Female sex = 68.9%; mean age 24.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EDEQ

M2 = BULIT-R
59 [110] Lauder et al., 1999 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
60 [111] Lauder et al., 1999 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 27.5 years; mean BMI 23.5 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
61 [56] Lichtenstein et al., 2021 Denmark Female sex = 51%; mean age 19.3 years; mean BMI 21.55 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SCOFF
62 [112] Marshall and Harber 1996 Canada Female sex = 100%; mean age 20.8 years; mean BMI 23.5 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
63 [113] Martínez Rodríguez et al., 2015 Spain Female sex = 35%; mean age 20.9 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
64 [114] Martinovic et al., 2022 China Female sex = 45%; mean age 24.2 years; mean BMI 24.2 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study ORTO-15
65 [115] McLester et al., 2014 Multiple Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-2
66 [116] Meng et al., b 2020 China Female sex = 100%; mean age 20 years; mean BMI 18.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-3
67 [117] Michaels et al., 2023 USA Female sex = 92.9%; mean age NR years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
68 [118] Monthuy-Blanc et al., a 2010 France Female sex = 100%; mean age 14.1 years; mean BMI 19.3 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-3
69 [54] Muros et al., b 2020 Spain Female sex = 15.5%; mean age 34.54 years; mean BMI 22.85 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SCOFF
70 [43] Neves et al., a 2017 Brazil Female sex = 100%; mean age 13.1 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study T1& T2 & T3 EAT-26
71 [119] Nichols et al., 2006 Multiple Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.7 years; mean BMI 21.8 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
72 [120] Nieves et al., 2016 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 18.4 years; mean BMI 22.8 kg/m2 Cohort study EDI
73 [121] O'Connell et al., 2024 Canada Female sex = 66.1%; mean age 20.1 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study DESA-6
74 [122] O'Connor et al., 1995 Georgia Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-2
75 [42] Okano et al., c 2004 Multiple Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 20.8 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
76 [123] O'Leary et al., b 2023 UK Female sex = 100%; mean age NR years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = BEDA-Q

M2 = 

FAST
77 [124] Pallotto et al., 2022 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.9 years; mean BMI 22.4 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
78 [125] Peklaj et al., 2022 Slovenia Female sex = 51%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 21.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
79 [126] Pensgaard et al., 2021 Norway Female sex = 40%; mean age 26.86 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
80 [127] Pernick et al., 2006 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.7 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
81 [15] Petisco-Rodríguez et al., a 2020 Spain Female sex = 100%; mean age 17.29 years; mean BMI 20.59 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-40

M2 = SCOFF
82 [128] Petrie et al., 2009 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.7 years; mean BMI 22.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study QEDD
83 [129] Pettersen et al., c 2016 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-2
84 [130] Poucher et al., d 2022 Canada Female sex = 50%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cohort study EAT-26
85 [131] Prather et al., 2016 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 16.4 years; mean BMI 20.8 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
86 [132] Pritchett et al., 2021 Multiple Female sex = 50%; mean age 27 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
87 [133] Rauh et al., 2010 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.7 years; mean BMI 21.7 kg/m2 Cohort study EDEQ
88 [134] Ravaldi et al., b 2003 Italy Female sex = 0%; mean age 19.6 years; mean BMI 22.1 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDE-12
89 [135] Ravi et al., 2021 Finland Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
90 [136] Reinking and Alexander, b 2005 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-2
91 [137] Reinking, 2006 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.3 years; mean BMI 22.9 kg/m2 Cohort study FAST
92 [138] Riebl et al., 2007 USA Female sex = 0%; mean age 31.6 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
93 [52] Robbeson et al., b 2015 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19 years; mean BMI 21.2 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study TFEQ
94 [139] Roberts and Kreipe 2003 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 14.9 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
95 [55] Rogers et al., 2021 Australia Female sex = 100%; mean age 19 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study SCOFF
96 [31] Rosendahl et al., 2009 German Female sex = 36.5%; mean age 15.7 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
97 [140] Rousselet et al., 2017 France Female sex = 37.3%; mean age 16.8 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
98 [141] Rouveix et al., 2007 France Female sex = 50%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI 21 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
99 [142] Schtscherbyna et al., a 2009 Brazil Female sex = 100%; mean age 14.6 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = BITE

M3 = BSQ
100 [143] Sharps et al., a 2022 UK Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study M1 = FAST
101 [144] Smith et al., 2020 Multiple Female sex = 26.5%; mean age 20 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
102 [145] Sophia et al., 2022 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 30.8 years; mean BMI 19.41 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study LEAF-Q
103 [146] Staal et al., 2018 Denmark Female sex = 50%; mean age 24.8 years; mean BMI 20.2 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI-3
104 [147] Stackeov et al., 2023 Prague, Czechia Female sex = 79%; mean age NR years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Pilot study EAT-26
105 [148] Sundgot-Borgen 1993 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 20.3 years; mean BMI 21.9 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
106 [149] Sundgot-Borgen 1994 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 20 years; mean BMI 21 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
107 [150] Sundgot-Borgen and Torstveit 2004 Norway Female sex = 93%; mean age 22.3 years; mean BMI 22.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
108 [151] Sundgot‐Borgen et al., 2003 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 21.4 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
109 [152] Syed et al., 2022 Pakistan Female sex = 100%; mean age 23.57 years; mean BMI 21.97 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
110 [153] Teixidor-Batlle et al., 2021 Spain Female sex = 51.08%; mean age 16.7 years; mean BMI 21.25 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
111 [154] Tenforde et al., 2022 Multiple Female sex = 40.7%; mean age 13.2 years; mean BMI 19.2 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ
112 [155] Terry et al., 1999 UK Female sex = 43%; mean age 23.9 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
113 [156] Thein-Nissenbaum et al., 2011 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.4 years; mean BMI 21.1 kg/m2 Cohort study EDEQ
114 [157] Thein-Nissenbaum et al., 2014 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 15.3 years; mean BMI 21.1 kg/m2 Cohort study EDEQ
115 [158] Thiel et al., 1993 German Female sex = 0%; mean age 21.1 years; mean BMI 21.05 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
116 [159] Thompson 2007 USA Female sex = 19.6%; mean age 20.5 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
117 [160] Thompsonnet al., a 2017 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.24 years; mean BMI 22.55 kg/m2 Cohort study QEDD
118 [161] Torres-McGehee et al., 2009 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.2 years; mean BMI 22.5 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
119 [162] Torres-McGehee et al., 2011 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.88 years; mean BMI 22.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
120 [163] Torres-McGehee et al., 2023 Columbia Female sex = 69.3%; mean age 19.8 years; mean BMI 22.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
121 [164] Torstveit and Sundgot-Borgen 2005 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 21.3 years; mean BMI 21.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
122 [165] Torstveit et al., 2008 Norway Female sex = 100%; mean age 22.2 years; mean BMI 21.7 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
123 [166] Uriegas et al., a 2021 USA Female sex = 69%; mean age 19.6 years; mean BMI 23.6 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = EAT-26

M2 = ORTO-15
124 [167] Uriegas et al., 2023 Columbia Female sex = 69.6%; mean age 19.8 years; mean BMI 22.5 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
125 [168] Vardar et al., 2005 Turkey Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-40
126 [169] Vardar et al., 2007 Turkey Female sex = 100%; mean age 19 years; mean BMI 20 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-40
127 [170] Walberg and Johnston 1991 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 22 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDI
128 [171] Waryasz et al., 2020 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 26.9 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study RD
129 [172] Wheeler et al., 1986 Canada Female sex = 50%; mean age 33.6 years; mean BMI NR Kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
130 [29] Whitehead et al., d 2020 Australia Female sex = 100%; mean age 32.9 years; mean BMI 22.9 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study

M1 = TFEQ

M2 = EDI
131 [173] Wollenberg et al., 2015 USA Female sex = 100%; mean age 19.5 years; mean BMI 22.1 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EAT-26
132 [174] Wu et al., 2022 Multiple Female sex = 40.6%; mean age 13.2 years; mean BMI 19.1 kg/m2 Cross-sectional study EDEQ

ANIS Anorexia Nervosa Inventory for Self-Rating, BEDS-7 Binge Eating Disorder Screener-7, DEBQ Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, EAT-26 Eating Attitudes Test-26, EAT-40 Eating Attitudes Test-40, EDDS The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale, EDE-Q Eating Disorder Examination- Questionnaire, EDI Eating Disorder Inventory-I/II, FEDS feeding and eating disorders, ORTO-11 ORTO-11, ORTO-15 ORTO-15, QEDD Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses, SCOFF Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, Food, SD Self-developed, TFEQ The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, WCS The Weight Concern Scale