Table 2.
Key Words Found to be Used Inconsistently and Interchangeably Across the Literature.
| Vocabulary Used | Definition | Types |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. 59 | Vitamin C, vitamin E, plant polyphenol, carotenoids, and glutathione are nonenzymatic antioxidants. 60 |
| Polyphenol | Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. More than 8000 polyphenolic compounds have been identified in various plant species. All plant phenolic compounds arise from a common intermediate, phenylalanine, or a close precursor, shikimic acid. 61 | Phenolic acids |
| Flavonoids | ||
| Stilbenes | ||
| Lignans | ||
| Plant-based antioxidants | Plant-derived antioxidants are a large group of natural products with reducing or radical-scavenging capacity. 62 | Non-plant-based antioxidants are synthetically derived for use in food preservation |
| Phytonutrients | Phytonutrients is a broad name for a wide variety of compounds produced by plants… Some researchers estimate there are up to 4000 phytonutrients. 63 | Antioxidants, flavonoids, phytochemicals, flavones, isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins, isothiocyanates, carotenoids, allyl sulfides, polyphenols |
| Phytochemical | Phytochemicals can be defined, in the strictest sense, as chemicals produced by plants. However, the term is generally used to describe chemicals from plants that may affect health but are not essential nutrients. 64 | From LinusPauling institute
64
: Carotenoids, chlorophyll and chlorophyllin, curcumin, fiber, flavonoids, garlic, indole-3-carbinol, isothiocyanates, lignans, phytosterols, resveratrol, soy isoflavones From antioxidants, 2019 60 : Flavonoids, catechins, carotenoids, carotene, lycopene, and herbs and spices such as diterpene, rosmariquinone, thyme, nutmeg, clove, black pepper, ginger, garlic, curcumin, and derivatives |