Table 3.

Studies Using Different Definitions of Hormesis.

Author	Date	Definition	Subject Area
DP Hayes (Hayes, 2007)	2007	The biphasic nature of the U-shaped response can… be subdivided into low and high-dose regions where the toxicity response differentially occurs (the arms of the U), plus a region of no toxic effect (the trough of the U)	Nutrition
Calabrese (Calabrese et al., 2010)	2010	Hormesis is a biphasic dose response phenomenon that is characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition	Toxicology
Chirumbolo (Chirumbolo, 2011)	2011	A biphasic dose–response relationship for which low doses display stimulation and high doses inhibition	Toxicology
Jodynis-Liebert and Kujawska (Jodynis-liebert and Kujawska, 2020)	2020	The phenomenon in which a chemical is able to induce biologically opposite effects a different doses	Nutrition