Table 3.

Quality assessment for cohort and quasi-experimental studies.

Author, year	Question number														Overall quality
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
NIH quality assessment tool for observational cohort studies
Jakeman et al. (2020)	√	√	√	√	X	√	√	X	√	NA	√	X	NA	X	Fair
Tavitian et al. (2003)	√	X	√	CD	X	NA	√	X	√	NA	X	X	NA	X	Poor
Juan et al. (2006)	√	√	√	√	X	√	√	X	√	NA	√	X	NA	X	Fair
Lopes et al. (2017)	√	X	√	X	X	√	CD	NA	CD	NA	√	X	NA	X	Poor
Hess et al. (2009)	√	X	CD	CD	X	√	√	X	√	NA	√	X	NA	X	Poor
Carter et al. (2017)	√	√	√	√	X	X	√	X	X	NA	√	X	NA	X	Fair
Moadebi et al. (2005)	√	√	CD	√	X	√	X	X	X	NA	√	X	NA	X	Poor
Tanvejsilp et al. (2017)	√	√	√	√	X	√	√	√	√	NA	√	X	NA	√	Good
Thomas et al. (2018)	√	√	CD	√	X	√	√	NA	X	NA	√	X	NA	X	Poor
Lara-Júnior et al. (2022)	√	√	√	√	X	X	√	X	X	NA	X	X	√	X	Poor
NIH quality assessment tool for controlled intervention studies
Karuniawati et al. (2019)	X	NA	X	X	CD	X	√	NA	√	√	√	X	√	CD	Fair

Notes: NA: Not applicable; CD: Can’t Determine; X: No; √: Yes.