Table 1 –
Summary of modifiable risk factors and protective factors for prostate cancer
| Confirmed | Possible |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Modifiable risk factors | |
| Dietary | Dietary |
| Meat consumption | Sugar-sweetened beverages |
| Dietary inflammatory index | Dairy consumption |
| Trans fatty acid intake | |
| Medical diseases and treatments | Medical diseases and treatments |
| – | Vasectomy |
| Prostatitis | |
| Obesity and metabolic syndrome | |
| Periodontitis | |
| Human papillomavirus-16 | |
| Calcium channel blocker use | |
| Occupational factors | Occupational factors |
| – | Agricultural workers |
| Petroleum workers | |
| Rotating night shift work | |
| Lifestyle factors | Lifestyle factors |
| – | Smoking |
| Modifiable protective factors | Smokeless tobacco |
| Dietary | Dietary |
| – | Mediterranean diet |
| Plant-based diet | |
| Coffee consumption | |
| Dietary intake of phytoestrogens | |
| Medical diseases and treatments | Medical diseases and treatments |
| – | Aspirin |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | |
| Statins | |
| Selenium intake | |
| Lifestyle factors | Lifestyle factors |
| – | Physical activity |
| Ejaculation frequency | |