TABLE 2.

Major preclinical applications of syngeneic murine models

GBM Cell Type	Mouse Species	Authors & Year	Preclinical Study Application	Study Outcome/ Experimental Implications
GL261	C57BL/6	Genoud et al., 2018;32 Wainwright et al., 2014;41 Reardon et al., 201642	Immune checkpoint blockades	Anti–PD-1 & anti–CTLA-4 therapy >50% of treated mice exhibited long-term survival
	C57BL/6	Belmans et al., 2017;24 Haddad et al., 202126	Dendritic cell vaccines	Intraparenchymal dendritic cells pulsed w/ GL261 cell extracts 60% 100-day survival rate Enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity response w/ protection against tumor rechallenge
	C57BL/6	Enderlin et al., 200945	Plasmid vectors	Plasmid vector expressing CXCL10 in vivo Attenuation of GL261 progression due to cytokine-mediated immunostimulation
SB28	C57BL/6	Genoud et al., 2018;32 Wainwright et al., 2014;41 Reardon et al., 201642	Immune checkpoint blockades	Anti–PD-1 & anti–CTLA-4 therapy No curative or survival benefit
	C57BL/6	Kosaka et al., 2014;11 Todryk et al., 2001;56 Turner et al., 2001;57 van Mierlo et al., 2002;58 Lum et al., 2006;59 Beatty et al., 201160	Anti-CD40 therapy	Induction of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, & macrophages Resultant antitumor effects
CT-2A	C57BL/6	Liu et al., 2020;19 Iorgulescu et al., 2021;28 Nakashima et al., 201868	Immune checkpoint blockades	CT-2A mice treated w/ anti–PD-L1 Modestly improved survival (+4.5 days) in CT-2A, compared w/ 50% long-term survival in GL261
	C57BL/6	Barnard et al., 201269	Oncolytic viral vectors	Direct inoculation oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 vector expressing Flt3L Improved immature dendritic cells, CTLs, & cytokine expression w/in the tumor
SMA-560	VM/Dk	Heimberger et al., 200073	Dendritic cell systemic vaccination	Systemic vaccination w/ bone marrow–derived dendritic cells pulsed w/ SMA-560 homogenate >160% increase in median survival compared w/untreated mice
	VM/Dk	Haddad et al., 202126	CAR T cells	CAR T cells specific for EGFRvIII Improved survival & cure of intracranial tumor w/ protection against tumor rechallenge
	VM/Dk	Haddad et al., 202126	Soluble CD70	Soluble CD70 in vitro Improved 60-day survival increase in treated mice from 5% to 45% Enhanced proliferation & IFN-γ of syngeneic splenocytes
	VM/Dk	Papachristodoulou et al., 201974	ASO blockade	ASO blockade of TGF-β reduced in vitro tumor invasion & migration Increased immune cell burden & reduced vascularity in vivo

CAR T cell = chimeric antigen receptor T cell; CTL = cytotoxic T lymphocyte; EGFRvIII = epidermal growth factor variant III; Flt3L = FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; IFN-γ = interferon gamma; NK = natural killer.