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. 2014 Sep 26;30(4):405–411. doi: 10.1177/1533317514552318

Table 2.

Distribution of Study Variables by Smoking Status.a,b

Smoking status

Never Smokers Past Smoker Current Smokers



Variable Category n % n % n % χ2
Gender Male 450 26.3 353 81.5 347 85.3 742.58c
Female 1263 73.7 80 18.5 60 14.7
Age <68 822 48.0 190 43.9 207 50.9 4.22
>68 891 52.0 243 56.1 200 49.1
Household Income <300 557 32.5 101 23.3 111 27.3 24.20c
300-800 762 44.5 191 44.1 191 46.9
>800 394 23.0 141 32.6 105 25.8
CMC No CMC 301 17.6 62 14.3 103 25.3 27.38c
1-2 CMCs 877 51.2 227 52.4 216 53.1
3+ CMCs 535 31.2 144 33.3 88 21.6
Education No formal 755 44.1 145 33.5 122 30.0 36.81c
Primary 725 42.3 214 49.4 216 53.1
Secondary and Tertiaryt 233 13.6 74 17.1 69 17.0

Abbreviation: CMCs, chronic medical conditions.

a P ≤ .05.

b P < .01.

c P < .001.