Reduction in the size of the dendritic spines (3A) in synaptic profiles and giant spine (3B) in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in AD (M 78 years). Marked alterations of mitochondria are also observed in paraventricular nucleus (PVN; 3C) and supraoptic nucleus (SON; 4D) in AD (M 72 years). The alteration of Golgi apparatus (4C, M 72 years) is obvious in comparison with normal control (M 75 years) (5A). Electron micrographs magn ×128 000: 3A, 3B, 4D; ×110 000: 3C; ×136 000: 4C; ×67 000: 5A). AD indicates Alzheimer’s disease; F, female; M, male; magn, magnification.