Table 3.

Nonverbal Communicative Behaviors.

Affirmative Nodding	Nodding head as a sign of approval, encouragement, or interest in the resident.
Resident-Directed Eye Gaze	Looking at the face of the resident.
Smile	Expression in which the corners of the mouth are directed upwards, denoting affability toward the resident.
Laugh	Opening the mouth (totally or partially), making a sound commonly associated with the act of laughing.
Withholding	Refusing a residents’ request or question. Includes statements from the resident that the DCW does not acknowledge (eg, resident asks if she can return to her room and the DCW does not respond).
Affective touch	Spontaneous and affective touch that is not necessary for the completion of a task (eg, a pat on the back, a hug).
Guiding touch	Using touch to draw the person’s attention or guide him or her for a task.
Instrumental touch	Deliberate physical contact, which is necessary for the completion of a task.

Abbreviation: DCW, direct care worker.