Table 6.
Changes in DCWs’ Verbal and Nonverbal Communicative Behavior.
| Categories | Type | Experimental Group (n = 24) | Control Group (n = 29) | Time, P Value | Partial η2 | Group × Time, P Value | Partial η2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 Mean (SD) | T3 | T1 | T2 Mean (SD) | T3 | |||||||
| Verbal communicative behavior | ||||||||||||
| Consult | Freq | 1.02 (1.02) | 1.05 (1.13) | 0.82 (1.05) | 1.60 (1.83) | 1.24 (1.28) | 0.80 (1.18) | .097 | 0.05 | 0.412 | .02 | |
| Inform | Freq | 8.69 (4.40) | 9.45 (5.60) | 4.70 (3.68) | 8.23 (4.41) | 6.99 (3.91) | 6.98 (5.20) | .013a | 0.16 | 0.008a | .18 | |
| Involve | Freq | 3.46 (3.15) | 3.55 (3.20) | 4.85 (3.03) | 3.50 (3.28) | 6.13 (2.72) | 5.00 (2.64) | .027a | 0.07 | 0.100 | .05 | |
| Dur | 13.06 (14.92) | 17.58 (18.04) | 24.00 (14.88) | 19.14 (21.89) | 28.68 (18.94) | 21.36 (12.61) | .053 | 0.06 | 0.099 | .05 | ||
| Reward | Freq | 1.37 (1.49) | 1.81 (1.72) | 1.49 (1.70) | 0.75 (0.70) | 1.34 (1.17) | 1.38 (1.25) | .048a | 0.06 | 0.454 | .02 | |
| Validate | Freq | 0.32 (0.70) | 0.35 (0.83) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.17 (0.34) | 0.03 (0.10) | .006a | 0.37 | 0.101 | .02 | |
| Assess comfort | Freq | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.19 (0.32) | 0.38 (0.58) | 0.43 (0.79) | 0.49 (0.74) | .964 | 0.00 | 0.531 | .01 | |
| Distract | Freq | 0.41 (0.84) | 0.55 (1.13) | 0.09 (0.21) | 0.25 (0.60) | 0.15 (0.34) | 0.08 (0.17) | .486 | 0.00 | 0.130 | .04 | |
| Sensory stimulation | Freq | 0.12 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.46) | 0.32 (0.42) | 0.11 (0.33) | 0.32 (0.82) | 0.44 (1.45) | .023a | 0.09 | 0.904 | .00 | |
| Dur | 0.60 (1.74) | 1.71 (2.78) | 2.06 (3.11) | 0.34 (0.98) | 3.08 (9.59) | 1.06 (3.55) | .129 | 0.44 | 0.399 | .01 | ||
| Social conversation | Freq | 4.69 (2.64) | 5.28 (2.84) | 5.19 (3.00) | 6.44 (451) | 6.95 (4.18) | 6.13 (3.09) | .306 | 0.02 | 0.993 | .00 | |
| Dur | 33.39 (30.55) | 43.79 (23.04) | 46.75 (40.92) | 37.30 (25.44) | 49.74 (33.38) | 63.40 (45.99) | .009b | 0.55 | 0.732 | .00 | ||
| Conversation about the person | Freq | 0.02 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.25) | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.07 (0.17) | .509 | 0.00 | 0.210 | .03 | |
| Dur | 0.09 (0.35) | 0.43 (2,09) | 0.05 (0.23) | 1.17 (2.76) | 0.80 (2.08) | 1.99 (8.08) | .907 | 0.55 | 0.09 | .01 | ||
| Instrumental conversation | Freq | 2.79 (2.10) | 2.50 (2.37) | 3.18 (2.62) | 2.10 (1.66) | 1.94 (1.15) | 2.81 (2.34) | .608 | 0.00 | 0.972 | .00 | |
| Dur | 13.41 (11.25) | 10.68 (9.81) | 19.43 (19.03) | 10.73 (9.85) | 10.73 (9.96) | 15.01 (13.96) | .040a | 0.62 | 0.082 | .01 | ||
| Conversation with others | Freq | 5.14 (4.02) | 4.86 (2.93) | 3.89 (2.84) | 5.55 (4.06) | 4.02 (2.89) | 3.89 (2.84) | .006a | 0.09 | 0.462 | .01 | |
| Dur | 21.33 (17.63) | 25.32 (14.81) | 20.52 (13.83) | 14.68 (17.90) | 20.77 (12.02) | 19.14 (12.52) | .182 | 0.04 | 0.628 | .01 | ||
| Ignore | Freq | 1.82 (1.47) | 1.70 (1.73) | 2.14 (2.07) | 2.12 (2.10) | 1.63 (1.56) | 1.65 (1.75) | .613 | 0.00 | 0.457 | .02 | |
| Infantilize | Freq | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 (0.51) | 0.12 (0.28) | 0.21 (0.42) | .334 | 0.02 | 0.409 | .02 | |
| Invalidate | Freq | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.00 | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.25) | 0.17 (0.39) | 0.20 (0.10) | .909 | 0.00 | 0.418 | .02 | |
| Mockery | Freq | 0.11 (0.22) | 0.09 (0.22) | 0.34 (0.70) | 0.54 (0.69) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.57 (1.12) | .074 | 0.05 | 0.543 | .01 | |
| Criticize | Freq | 0.47 (0.73) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.28 (0.49) | 0.46 (0.72) | 0.57 (0.75) | 0.24 (0.53) | .386 | 0.02 | 0.051 | .06 | |
| Impose | Freq | 0.49 (0.89) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.37 (0.60) | 0.56 (0.58) | 0.83 (1.57) | 0.22 (0.47) | .228 | 0.059 | 0.104 | .09 | |
| Nonverbal communicative behavior | ||||||||||||
| Affirmative Nodding | Freq | 0.45 (0.85) | 0.74 (1.16) | 0.22 (0.65) | 0.55 (0.84) | 0.51 (0.99) | 0.72 (1.19) | .630 | 0.02 | 0.170 | .07 | |
| Resident-directed eye gaze | Freq | 1.90 (1.99) | 2.08 (1.93) | 0.85 (0.98) | 1.91 (2.36) | 2.03 (2.26) | 1.91 (2.34) | .106 | 0.05 | 0.169 | .04 | |
| Dur | 19.18 (32.24) | 26.56 (40.08) | 4.17 (6.03) | 25.43 (56.24) | 19.68 (33.73) | 11.69 (17.92) | .032a | 0.07 | 0.461 | .02 | ||
| Smile | Freq | 0.32 (0.62) | 0.35 (0.62) | 0.33 (0.43) | 0.31 (0.86) | 0.23 (0.54) | 0.85 (1.21) | .120 | 0.08 | 0.109 | .09 | |
| Dur | 0.61 (1.25) | 0.71 (1.76) | 1.29 (3.12) | 2.65 (11.90) | 0.89 (2.11) | 5.99 (13.81) | .199 | 0.03 | 0.373 | .02 | ||
| Laugh | Freq | 1.15 (1.05) | 1.78 (1.71) | 0.94 (1.12) | 1.01 (1.01) | 0.62 (0.82) | 1.03 (1.14) | .526 | 0.01 | 0.004a | .106 | |
| Dur | 9.24 (17.38) | 7.39 (12.30) | 8.61 (19.40) | 10.28 (29.11) | 2.10 (3.03) | 3.75 (5.09) | .550 | 0.01 | 0.934 | .001 | ||
| Withholding | Freq | 0.41 (0.76) | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.00 | 0.08 (0.23) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.29) | .024a | 0.114 | 0.06 | .11 | |
| Affective touch | Freq | 0.69 (0.57) | 0.68 (0.62) | 0.48 (0.56) | 1.18 (1.33) | 0.75 (1.00) | 0.94 (1.28) | .324 | 0.02 | 0.393 | .02 | |
| Dur | 2.22 (3.28) | 1.69 (1.96) | 1.86 (3.61) | 3.53 (4.42) | 4.05 (9.03) | 3.68 (7.08) | .992 | 0.00 | 0.854 | .00 | ||
| Instrumental touch | Freq | 10.33 (2.61) | 10.21 (2.90) | 10.82 (2.25) | 9.82 (2.79) | 8.99 (2.34) | 10.44 (2.92) | .085 | 0.05 | 0.616 | .01 | |
| Dur | 281.06 (169.8) | 311.31 (52.67) | 296.29 (43.72) | 326.37 (251.40) | 268.9 (69.58) | 284.08 (51.45) | .849 | 0.00 | 0.27 | .03 | ||
| Awareness touch | Freq | 0.16 (0.49) | 0.56 (1.39) | 0.23 (0.38) | 0.44 (0.71) | 0.44 (0.61) | 0.43 (0.63) | .343 | 0.02 | 0.34 | .02 | |
Abbreviations: Freq, frequency; SD, standard deviation; DSW, direct care worker.
a P < 0.05.
b P < 0.001.