Table 1.
Clinical Trials Investigating the Cognitive Effects of Nonpharmacological Cognitive Interventions in Subjects with SCCs.
| Reference | Participants (n) | Age (years ± SD) | Randomization | Intervention | Duration of intervention | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoogenhout et al 24 | EG: 30 CG: 30 | EG: 66.0 ± 4.2 CG: 66.1 ± 4.5 | Y | EG: eight 1.5-h group sessions of educational intervention focused at cognitive aging and contextual factors, skills, and compensatory behaviors. Homework (eg, cognitive diary). CG: waiting list. | 4 weeks | EG: no significant improvement in objective cognitive functioning; lower emotional reactions about cognitive functioning. |
| Tsai et al 26 | EG1: 14 EG2: 11 | EG1 + EG2: 69.4 | N | EG1: CT. Ten 2-h classes twice weekly with the training foci in mnemonics and problem-solving strategies. EG2: CS. Eight weekly 1.5-h sessions with reality orientation, quiz games, and situational problem-solving activities. | 5 weeks 8 weeks | EG1: improvement of global cognitive performance and results of verbal memory tests. EG2: improvement of global cognitive performance and executive functions. |
| van Hooren et al 28 | EG: 37 CG: 30 | EG: 62.35 ± 5.39 CG: 63.27 ± 5.95 | Y | EG: Goal management course. Twelve 1- or 1.5-h session, twice weekly. Psycho-education on cognitive functions (in particular, executive functions). CG: waiting list. | 6 weeks | EG: improvement in the ability of managing executive failures with diminished annoyance. No improvement of objective performance. |
| Small et al 25 | EG: 8 CG: 9 | EG: 54 ± 12 CG: 53 ± 10 | Y | EG: Healthy longevity lifestyle program. Individual program combining mental and physical exercise, stress reduction, and healthy diet. CG: usual lifestyle routine. | 2 weeks | EG: improvement in word fluency. |
| Valentijn et al 27 | EG1: 53 EG2: 43 CG: 43 | EG1: 69.32 ± 7.77 EG2: 68.07 ± 6.58 CG: 68.30 ± 8.03 | Y | EG1: collective training. Eight weekly 2-h sessions of memory training and education on cognitive functioning and decline. EG2: individual training. Book with the same topics of collective training (less practical). CG: no training. | 8 weeks | EG1: improvement in subjective and objective memory functioning, and recall of a previously learned word list. EG2: fewer feelings of anxiety in relation to memory functioning. |
| Andrewes et al 23 | EG: 20 CG: 20 | EG + CG: ranging from 60 to 70 | Y | EG: self-administered memory handbook. Two sections focused on remembering names and prospective memory. Individual training. CG: instructional pamphlet with a description of 3 list-learning mnemonics. | 4 weeks | EG: improvement in face-naming tasks and strategies knowledge. |
Abbreviations: EG, experimental group; CG, control group; CT, cognitive training; CS, cognitive stimulation; SD, standard deviation (if reported); Y, randomized; N, nonrandomized; SCCs, subjective cognitive complaints.