Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% CI for the Existence of Physician-Diagnosed Depression for Each Variable by Sex.
| Both sexes, n = 457 864 | Male, n = 205 819 | Female, n = 252 045 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P Value | OR | 95% CI | P Value | OR | 95% CI | P Value | ||
| Cohabitation with a patient with dementia | Yes | 1.33 | 1.09-1.61 | .004 | 1.26 | 0.87-1.82 | .214 | 1.33 | 1.06-1.67 | .013 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Age | Per 1 year older | 0.99 | 0.99-0.99 | <.001 | 1.00 | 1.00-1.01 | .269 | 0.99 | 0.98-0.99 | <.001 |
| Employment status | Office worker | 0.58 | 0.54-0.63 | <.001 | 0.56 | 0.46-0.67 | <.001 | 0.63 | 0.58-0.69 | <.001 |
| Site worker | 0.67 | 0.62-0.72 | <.001 | 0.58 | 0.50-0.69 | <.001 | 0.8 | 0.73-0.87 | <.001 | |
| Unemployed or homemaker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Highest level of education | Elementary school | 0.98 | 0.86-1.11 | .709 | 0.58 | 0.47-0.73 | <.001 | 1.17 | 1.00-1.37 | .05 |
| Middle school | 1.53 | 1.36-1.72 | <.001 | 0.94 | 0.75-1.17 | .568 | 1.74 | 1.52-2.00 | <.001 | |
| High school | 1.34 | 1.23-1.47 | <.001 | 0.98 | 0.83-1.15 | .796 | 1.44 | 1.29-1.60 | <.001 | |
| University or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Marital status | Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Living with spouse | 0.96 | 0.86-1.06 | .398 | 0.47 | 0.38-0.58 | <.001 | 1.45 | 1.26-1.67 | <.001 | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.13 | 1.00-1.28 | .059 | 0.78 | 0.62-0.99 | .038 | 1.6 | 1.36-1.88 | <.001 | |
| Family income level | 1st quartile (highest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.99 | 0.91-1.09 | .858 | 1.09 | 0.90-1.32 | .369 | 0.96 | 0.86-1.06 | .382 | |
| 3rd quartile | 1.15 | 1.06-1.25 | .001 | 1.26 | 1.05-1.52 | .012 | 1.09 | 0.99-1.20 | .074 | |
| 4th quartile (lowest) | 1.16 | 1.05-1.27 | .004 | 1.24 | 1.01-1.53 | .045 | 1.09 | 0.98-1.22 | .125 | |
| Number of family members | 1 | 1.23 | 1.08-1.39 | .001 | 1.20 | 0.91-1.57 | .201 | 1.18 | 1.02-1.35 | .022 |
| 2 | 1.23 | 1.11-1.36 | <.001 | 1.27 | 1.01-1.59 | .044 | 1.15 | 1.03-1.28 | .016 | |
| 3 | 1.07 | 0.96-1.19 | .202 | 1.05 | 0.84-1.32 | .672 | 1.03 | 0.92-1.15 | .629 | |
| 4 | 0.94 | 0.85-1.05 | .278 | 0.87 | 0.69-1.10 | .253 | 0.96 | 0.85-1.07 | .452 | |
| 5+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Insurance type | Medical aid | 1.45 | 1.31-1.61 | <.001 | 1.67 | 1.37-2.03 | <.001 | 1.35 | 1.20-1.52 | <.001 |
| National Health Insurance | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Self-reported health condition | Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Average | 1.93 | 1.77-2.11 | <.001 | 1.92 | 1.61-2.30 | <.001 | 1.94 | 1.75-2.14 | <.001 | |
| Poor | 4.31 | 3.91-4.76 | <.001 | 4.57 | 3.74-5.59 | <.001 | 4.19 | 3.74-4.69 | <.001 | |
| Self-reported stress | Very often | 6.86 | 6.07-7.75 | <.001 | 7.7 | 6.01-9.87 | <.001 | 6.63 | 5.77-7.62 | <.001 |
| Often | 3.46 | 3.12-3.82 | <.001 | 4.02 | 3.27-4.93 | <.001 | 3.31 | 2.95-3.71 | <.001 | |
| Occasionally | 1.30 | 1.17-1.44 | <.001 | 1.47 | 1.19-1.81 | <.001 | 1.25 | 1.11-1.4 | <.001 | |
| Seldom | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Smoking habit | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Past | 1.43 | 1.28-1.60 | <.001 | 1.21 | 1.02-1.43 | .03 | 1.48 | 1.27-1.73 | <.001 | |
| Current | 1.33 | 1.20-1.49 | <.001 | 1.00 | 0.85-1.17 | .972 | 1.92 | 1.70-2.17 | <.001 | |
| Alcohol use | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.94 | 0.89-1.01 | .078 | 0.75 | 0.65-0.87 | <.001 | 1.01 | 0.95-1.09 | .700 | |
| Hours of sleep per night | Less than 6 hours | 1.48 | 1.37-1.60 | <.001 | 1.30 | 1.09-1.55 | .003 | 1.54 | 1.41-1.68 | <.001 |
| 6 hours | 1.06 | 0.98-1.14 | .182 | 0.94 | 0.79-1.11 | .468 | 1.10 | 1.01-1.20 | .037 | |
| 7 hours | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 8 hours | 1.22 | 1.12-1.33 | <.001 | 1.26 | 1.05-1.51 | .013 | 1.20 | 1.09-1.32 | <.001 | |
| More than 9 hours | 1.93 | 1.71-2.17 | <.001 | 2.24 | 1.79-2.81 | <.001 | 1.79 | 1.56-2.05 | <.001 | |
| Underlying chronic diseasea | Yes | 1.53 | 1.43-1.65 | <.001 | 1.50 | 1.30-1.74 | <.001 | 1.56 | 1.44-1.70 | <.001 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Survey year | 2011 | 1.02 | 0.96-1.08 | .53 | 0.97 | 0.86-1.09 | .578 | 1.04 | 0.97-1.10 | .262 |
| 2012 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Sex | Male | 0.34 | 0.31-0.38 | <.001 | ||||||
| Female | 1.00 | |||||||||
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
aUnderlying chronic disease includes hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and arthritis.