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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 16;65(1):100–111. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13807

Table 1.

Sample characteristics (N = 150,395)

% (n) % missing (n)
Prescription stimulant therapy for ADHD
 No stimulant therapy for ADHD 91.8 (123,582) 10.4 (15,876)
 Stimulant therapy for ADHD 8.2 (10,937)
Non-stimulant therapy for ADHD
 No non-stimulant therapy for ADHD 94.3 (126,378) 10.8 (16,502)
 Non-stimulant therapy for ADHD 5.7 (7515)
Sex
 Male 49.0 (70,332) 4.9 (7266)
 Female 51.0 (72,797)
Race/ethnicity
 White 55.0 (83,061) 0.0 (0)
 Black 11.6 (17,225)
 Hispanic 15.6 (22,926)
 Other 17.8 (27,183)
Grade level
 10th 52.1 (78,361) 0.0 (0)
 12th 47.9 (72,034)
GPA
 B- or higher 79.1 (114,378) 4.6 (6710)
 C+ or lower 20.9 (29,307)
Skipped school
 No 77.7 (107,725) 8.0 (11,999)
 Yes 22.3 (30,671)
Parents level of education
 Less than a college degree 45.8 (61,447) 7.8 (11,265)
 College degree or higher 54.2 (77,683)
Urbanicity
 Large MSA (urban) 32.0 (55,053) 0.0 (0)
 Other MSA (suburban) 47.6 (66,145)
 Non-MSA (rural) 20.5 (29,197)
US region
 Northeast 18.5 (30,834) 0.0 (0)
 Midwest 23.6 (35,949)
 South 35.5 (51,035)
 West 22.4 (32,577)
Cohort year
 2005–2009 34.6 (51,993) 0.0 (0)
 2010–2014 31.8 (47,844)
 2015–2020 33.6 (50,558)
Cigarette use (past 30 days)
 No 87.5 (128,022) 3.0 (4393)
 Yes 12.5 (17,980)
Binge drinking (past two weeks)
 No 82.3 (113,686) 7.7 (11,499)
 Yes 17.7 (25,210)
Marijuana use (past year)
 No 81.6 (116,897) 4.4 (6461)
 Yes 18.4 (27,037)

Note: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GPA = grade point average; MSA = metropolitan statistical area. Unweight sample sizes are provided. Percentages are weighted.