Table 3.
Estimated prevalence of past-year stimulant misuse based on adolescents’ history of medication therapy for ADHD
| Past-year Rx stimulant misuse | Past-year Rx stimulant misuse | Past-year cocaine use | Past-year cocaine use | Past-year meth use | Past-year meth use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 130,340) | (n = 130,340) | (n = 130,433) | (n = 130,433) | (n = 100,791) | (n = 100,791) | |
| Stimulant or non-stimulant therapy for ADHD | % (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at age 9 or younger | ||||||
| 6 years or more duration | 11.4 (9.4–12.8) | 2.06 (1.72–2.46) | 3.6 (2.7–4.7) | 1.74 (1.31–2.32) | 2.8 (1.9–4.1) | 3.64 (2.45–5.40) |
| 3–5 years duration | 13.1 (10.4–16.3) | 2.50 (1.93–3.24) | 5.7 (4.1–7.8) | 2.85 (2.02–4.03) | 2.3 (1.3–4.2) | 3.01 (1.62–5.61) |
| 2 years duration | 12.0 (8.9–15.9) | 2.26 (1.63–3.14) | 7.4 (4.6–11.7) | 3.78 (2.30–6.23) | 2.9 (1.5–5.6) | 3.83 (1.94–7.56) |
| 1 year duration | 14.2 (10.0–19.6) | 2.72 (1.84–4.04) | 6.6 (4.1–10.7) | 3.24 (1.92–5.48) | 3.0 (1.2–7.2) | 3.94 (1.58–9.81) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 15.1 (11.9–18.8) | 2.95 (2.25–3.88) | 9.3 (6.8–12.6) | 5.04 (3.54–7.17) | 4.7 (3.0–7.2) | 6.21 (3.88–9.93) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at ages 10–14 | ||||||
| 6 years or more duration | 12.4 (9.9–15.5) | 2.34 (1.81–3.03) | 5.9 (4.3–8.2) | 2.84 (2.00–4.03) | 3.1 (1.9–5.1) | 4.09 (2.42–6.88) |
| 3–5 years duration | 21.2 (18.6–24.0) | 4.50 (3.82–5.30) | 8.4 (6.7–10.4) | 4.46 (3.46–5.75) | 5.6 (4.0–7.9) | 7.53 (5.18–10.9) |
| 2 years duration | 24.2 (20.7–28.2) | 5.36 (4.36–6.59) | 8.0 (6.1–10.5) | 4.33 (3.19–5.87) | 4.9 (3.4–7.2) | 6.59 (4.36–9.96) |
| 1 year duration | 23.1 (18.1–28.8) | 5.04 (3.73–6.79) | 9.8 (6.7–14.1) | 5.56 (3.67–8.42) | 5.3 (2.7–10.1) | 7.07 (3.49–14.3) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 24.1 (17.4–26.0) | 5.35 (4.45–6.42) | 9.7 (7.7–12.1) | 5.50 (4.27–7.09) | 5.0 (3.5–7.2) | 6.66 (4.56–9.73) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at age 15 or older | ||||||
| 2 years or more duration | 21.5 (18.6–22.6) | 4.45 (3.71–5.34) | 9.2 (7.2–11.6) | 4.28 (3.27–5.61) | 4.4 (2.8–6.9) | 5.81 (3.60–9.36) |
| 1 year duration | 25.0 (20.6–30.0) | 5.49 (4.28–7.06) | 8.1 (5.7–11.2) | 3.96 (2.73–5.74) | 3.1 (1.4–7.1) | 4.12 (1.75–9.66) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 26.0 (23.4–28.8) | 5.83 (5.06–6.72) | 9.2 (7.6–11.1) | 4.77 (3.84–5.92) | 3.6 (2.5–5.3) | 4.79 (3.24–7.09) |
| Non-stimulant therapy for ADHD only | 14.1 (12.8–15.3) | 2.72 (2.45–3.02) | 5.7 (4.9–6.6) | 2.96 (2.52–3.47) | 3.9 (3.1–4.8) | 5.11 (4.08–6.39) |
| Population controls (non-ADHD and unmedicated ADHD) | 5.6 (5.5–5.9) | Reference | 2.1 (1.9–2.2) | Reference | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | Reference |
Note: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Rx = prescription; meth = methamphetamine; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Unweighted sample sizes are provided.
a
Unadjusted models control for grade level (ie, 10th grade versus 12th grade).