Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios of past-year stimulant misuse based on adolescents’ history of medication therapy for ADHD
| Past-year Rx stimulant misuse | Past-year Rx stimulant misuse | Past-year cocaine use | Past-year cocaine use | Past-year meth use | Past-year meth use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 109,027) | (n = 109,027) | (n = 109,032) | (n = 109,032) | (n = 83,377) | (n = 83,377) | |
| Stimulant or Non-Stimulant Therapy for ADHD | AORa (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at age 9 or younger | ||||||
| 6 years or more duration | 1.56 (1.20–2.04) | Reference | 1.33 (.927–1.93) | Reference | 1.71 (.977–2.99) | Reference |
| 3–5 years duration | 1.63 (1.12–2.37) | 1.04 (.687–1.58) | 1.47 (.872–2.47) | 1.09 (.611–1.97) | 1.06 (.422–2.66) | .619 (.235–1.63) |
| 2 years duration | 1.31 (.797–2.15) | .835 (.493–1.41) | 1.45 (.721–2.93) | 1.08 (.507–2.32) | 1.53 (.530–4.46) | .898 (.287–2.80) |
| 1 year duration | 1.85 (1.08–3.15) | 1.18 (.675–2.06) | 2.03 (.846–4.90) | 1.52 (.619–3.73) | 2.17 (.559–8.48) | 1.27 (.307–5.26) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 1.83 (1.20–2.79) | 1.17 (.742–1.84) | 2.43 (1.41–4.17) | 1.81 (.987–3.33) | 1.79 (.771–4.15) | 1.04 (.383–2.84) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at ages 10–14 | ||||||
| 6 years or more duration | 1.34 (.915–1.96) | .855 (.549–1.33) | 1.86 (1.23–2.79) | 1.38 (.831–2.31) | 1.80 (.890–3.64) | 1.05 (.447–2.47) |
| 3–5 years duration | 2.77 (2.20–3.49) | 1.76 (1.28–2.44) | 2.12 (1.51–2.97) | 1.58 (.984–2.53) | 3.06 (1.75–5.33) | 1.78 (.846–3.77) |
| 2 years duration | 3.04 (2.19–4.22) | 1.94 (1.35–2.79) | 1.78 (1.09–2.90) | 1.32 (.764–2.30) | 1.64 (.767–3.49) | .957 (.412–2.22) |
| 1 year duration | 3.40 (2.10–5.51) | 2.17 (1.29–3.64) | 3.33 (1.89–5.85) | 2.48 (1.34–4.58) | 2.79 (.945–8.27) | 1.63 (.515–5.18) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 3.93 (2.89–5.34) | 2.50 (1.71–3.65) | 3.25 (2.13–4.92) | 2.42 (1.46–3.99) | 2.51 (1.20–5.22) | 1.46 (.624–3.44) |
| Stimulant therapy onset for ADHD at age 15 or older | ||||||
| 2 years or more duration | 2.16 (1.65–2.83) | 1.38 (.979–1.94) | 1.83 (1.27–2.64) | 1.37 (.842–2.23) | 1.41 (.746–2.69) | .828 (.359–1.09) |
| 1 year duration | 3.37 (2.44–4.67) | 2.15 (1.45–3.18) | 1.86 (1.14–3.03) | 1.39 (.784–2.47) | .956 (.329–2.77) | .558 (.179–1.73) |
| Less than 1 year duration | 3.87 (3.07–4.87) | 2.47 (1.80–3.38) | 2.34 (1.66–3.29) | 1.74 (1.09–2.77) | 1.99 (1.14–3.47) | 1.16 (.558–2.43) |
| Non-stimulant therapy for ADHD only | 1.90 (1.67–2.17) | 1.21 (.910–1.62) | 1.81 (1.47–2.22) | 1.35 (.889–2.05) | 2.68 (1.95–3.68) | 1.56 (.832–2.94) |
| Population controls (non-ADHD and unmedicated ADHD) | Reference | .637 (.491–.828) | Reference | .746 (.516–1.07) | Reference | .584 (.333–1.02) |
Note: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Rx = prescription; meth = methamphetamine; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Unweighted sample sizes are provided.
Adjusted models control for the following: sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, grade point average (GPA), whether respondent skipped a full day of school, parents’ level of education, urbanicity, US region, cohort year, past 30-day cigarette smoking, past two-week binge drinking, past 30-day marijuana use, whether they indicated taking both ADHD and non-ADHD medication to treat ADHD and whether they indicated stopping the use of stimulant medication to treat ADHD.