Table 3.
Cumulative adjusted changes in the choroidal vascular parameters across the entire macular region at different time points in the repeated low-level red-light therapy and control groups
| Time point/visit | Cumulative adjusted mean changes | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| RLRL group | Control group | ||
| Change in CVV-Fovea, mm3 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.01 | − 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.137 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.01 | − 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.072 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.01 (− 0.00, 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.01 | − 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.013* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.00) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.01 | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.002* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.02, 0.00) | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.116 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.00) | |
| Change in CVV-ParaF, mm3 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.02 ± 0.03 | − 0.02 ± 0.04 | < 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | − 0.01(− 0.04, 0.00) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.07 ± 0.06# | − 0.01 ± 0.07 | < 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09)# | − 0.01(− 0.05, 0.03) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.14 ± 0.08# | 0.03 ± 0.11 | < 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.20)# | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.09) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.21 ± 0.09# | 0.06 ± 0.14 | 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.20 (0.14, 0.31)# | 0.05 (− 0.01, 0.16) | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.28 ± 0.12# | 0.09 ± 0.21 | < 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.39)# | 0.09 (− 0.01, 0.19) | |
| Change in CVV-PeriF, mm3 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.15 ± 0.34# | − 0.02 ± 0.27 | 0.062 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.06 (− 0.07, 0.34)# | 0.01 (− 0.11, 0.08) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.17 ± 0.28# | − 0.00 ± 0.25 | 0.003* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.13 (− 0.04, 0.33)# | 0.01 (− 0.20, 0.20) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.17 ± 0.33# | − 0.03 ± 0.33 | 0.012* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.15 (− 0.07, 0.27)# | − 0.02 (− 0.24, 0.15) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.16 ± 0.41# | − 0.13 ± 0.32# | < 0.001* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.09 (− 0.09, 0.31)# | − 0.08 (− 0.38, 0.08)# | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.35 | − 0.19 ± 0.33# | 0.011* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.01 (− 0.20, 0.17) | − 0.24 (− 0.44, 0.03)# | |
| Change in CCPA-Fovea, mm2 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.00 ± 0.02 | − 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.240 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.00) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.00 ± 0.02 | − 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.628 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.00 ± 0.02 | − 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.395 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.04 | 0.430 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.194 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | |
| Change in CCPA-ParaF, mm2 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.04 ± 0.15 | − 0.03 ± 0.15 | 0.052 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.04 (− 0.05, 0.11) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.00 ± 0.14 | − 0.02 ± 0.12 | 0.249 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.00 (− 0.06, 0.08) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.12 | − 0.02 ± 0.16 | 0.554 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.05) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.01 ± 0.13 | − 0.02 ± 0.17 | 0.349 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.01 (− 0.09, 0.07) | − 0.04 (− 0.12, 0.08) | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | − 0.01 ± 0.12 | − 0.01 ± 0.14 | 0.862 |
| Median (P25, P75) | − 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.07) | 0.01 (− 0.09, 0.08) | |
| Change in CCPA-PeriF, mm2 | |||
| 1 Month | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.40 ± 1.21# | − 0.18 ± 0.99 | 0.002* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.48 (− 0.18, 1.17)# | − 0.13 (− 0.41, 0.21) | |
| 3 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.25 ± 0.92# | − 0.09 ± 0.75 | 0.061 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.27 (− 0.19, 0.80)# | − 0.12 (− 0.45, 0.27) | |
| 6 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.24 ± 0.78 | − 0.08 ± 0.85 | 0.011* |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.21 (− 0.43, 0.77) | − 0.17 (− 0.62, 0.18) | |
| 9 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.20 ± 0.98 | − 0.02 ± 0.84 | 0.259 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.15 (− 0.27, 0.75) | − 0.10 (− 0.54, 0.41) | |
| 12 Months | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.42 ± 0.81# | 0.01 ± 0.73 | 0.055 |
| Median (P25, P75) | 0.37 (− 0.07, 0.82)# | 0.03 (− 0.29, 0.53) | |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and as the median with the interquartile range (P25, P75) in parentheses, as appropriate
Adjusted estimates at each time point were calculated on the basis of generalized linear mixed model, adjusted for baseline age, gender, group, visit, group* visit, and corresponding baseline parameters as fixed factors, and subjects as the random factor
CCPA Choriocapillaris perfusion area, CVV choroidal vessel volume, P25, P75 25th percentile, 75th percentile, ParaF parafoveal region, PeriF perifoveal region, RLRL Repeated low-level red-light;
*Between-group significant difference at P < 0.05
#Within-group significant difference with baseline at P < 0.05