Table 1.
Author, year of publication, country where the study was carried out, study design, population investigated and the main findings of the studies analyzing the relationship between food insecurity and renal diseases
| Author | Year of publication | Country | Study design | Population | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | |||||
| Starr [22] | 2018 | US | Cross-sectional study | 118 outpatients children with CKD | 35% of children were living in food insecure households |
| Starr [23] | 2019 | US | Cross-sectional study | 44 children with ESRD | 64% were suffering from food insecurity. Children with food insecurity were younger and had higher unplanned hospital or intensive care unit admissions; the prevalence of infections was higher in food insecure children |
| Kidney stones | |||||
| Shafi [24] | 2017 | Iran | Cross-sectional study | 100 patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones and 100 subjects as the control group | 68% of patients were suffering from food insecurity (vs. 40% in the control group); food insecurity was associated with a diagnosis of kidney stones |
| Bayne [25] | 2021 | US | Observational study | 1496 patients with kidney stones of whom 324 were relapsing and had thus underwent surgery | Subjects living in low income census tracts had a higher risk of undergoing re-intervention |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||
| Terrell [26] | 2009 | US | Observational study. Data derived from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 | 15,199 people aged 45 years, 63% lived above the poverty income ratio. A total of 10% reported food insecurity, and 17% had kidney disease | 17.04% of people with CKD were suffering from food insecurity. 82.59% of respondents with proteinuria reported food insecurity. There was no significant association between food insecurity and CKD nor its control |
| Crews [27] | 2014 | US | Observational study. Data form the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008 | 9,126 individuals aged 46 ± 0.4 years who had a household income < 400% of the Federal Poverty Level | 11% were suffering from marginal food insecurity, and 15% from high food insecurity. CKD was associated with food insecurity in patients with diabetes and hypertension; moreover, CKD was associated with food insecurity |
| Data from the National Institute of Aging (NIA), Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across Life Span (HANDLS) study | 1,239 individuals aged 30–64 years | ||||
| Banerjee [28] | 2017 | US | Observational study. Data derived from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994 | 2320 subjects with CKD and 10,448 non-CKD participants with a household income ≤ 400% of the Federal Poverty Level | 4.5% of CKD patients were suffering from food insecurity (vs. 5.7% of non-CKD subjects), and this group was more likely to progress to ESRD |
| Hemodialysis | |||||
| Wilson [29] | 2006 | US | Cross-sectional study | 98 hemodialysis patients | 16.3% were suffering from food insecurity and they were mainly African American |
| Cardiorenal syndrome | |||||
| Banerjee [30] | 2019 | US | Observational study. Data derived from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010 | 9,245 subjects aged 45 ± 0.29 years earning < 130% of the Federal Poverty Level Guidelines | 37.8% were suffering from food insecurity; the risk of all-cause mortality was higher among the individuals with cardiorenal syndrome in terms of suffering from food insecurity |