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. 2024 Feb 9;9:30. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Schematic of prevention strategies for the occurrence and reoccurrence of MDD. An outline of various prevention strategies for MDD includes sleep improvement, dietary adjustment, exercise, and social intervention. Sleep disturbances have the high relationship with the occurrence of MDD, the anhedonia, anxiety and insomnia are the main symptoms of patients with MDD. The behavioral and educational strategies, cognitive reconstructing therapy and circadian rhythm support can be applied to improve sleep quality.^281,289 Dietary adjustments are also suggested to have the potential effects to prevent the occurrence or re-occurrence of MDD, the improvement mechanism of diet may involve in the regulated immune-inflammatory responses, the improved gut-microbe-brain axis and synaptic plasticity.^295,299,304 In addition, xxercise is an effective way to improve neuroplasticity, to maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis, and to regulate neuroinflammation, in order to effectively prevent the occurrence or re-occurrence of MDD.^280,309 Importantly, getting social support from family members, friends, coworkers and community members can be helpful for the MDD patients’ recovery, these social interventions can let patients get emotional support and improve their self-awareness.^328,340 Adobe Illustrator was used to generate this figure