Table 2.
Characteristics of identified studies and prevalence of WMH in BD patients and healthy controls.
| Study | Sample size | Mean age | Male/Female | Diagnostic criteria | MRI characteristics | WMH proportion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dupont RM et al. (1990) (12) | BP=19 HC=10 |
BP: 36.5 HC: 41 (Age <55) |
BP: 19/1 HC: all male |
DSM-III | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2.5 TR/TE: 2000/ 25; 70 |
WMH presence
BP:47%; HC:0% |
| Swayze VW et al. (1990) (13) | BP=48 HC=47 |
BP: 33.9 HC: 34.7 |
BP: 29/19 HC: 28/19 |
DSM-III and DSM-III-R | 0.5T, Phillips Picker, T2W ST/IG: 10/0 TR/TE: 2000/20; 70 |
WMH presence
BP: 18.8%; HC: 24.2% |
| Figiel GS et al. (1991) (14) | BP=18 HC=18 |
BP: 37.5 HC: 34.7 (age <60) |
BP: 5/13 HC: 8/10 |
DSM-III | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2,5 TR/TE: 2500/40; 80 |
DWMH presence
BP: 44.4%; HC: 5.6% |
| McDonald WM et al. (1991) (15) | BP=12 HC=12 |
BP: 68.3 ± 7 HC: 68.7 ± 7 |
BP: 6/6 HC: 6/6 |
DSM-III-R | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2,5 TR/TE: 2800/30; 80 |
WMH presence
BP: 100%; HC: 75% |
| Strakowski SM et al. (1993) (16) | BP=18 HC=15 |
BP: 31.3 ± 11.8 HC: 32.4 ± 8.8 (age range 18-65) |
BP: 8/10 HC: 7/8 |
DSM-III-R | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2,5 TR/TE: 2000/40; 80 |
WMH presence
BP: 22.2%; HC: 13.3% |
| Aylward EH et al. (1994) (17) | BP=32 HC=31 |
BP: 39.3 ± 11.1 HC: 37.6 ± 9 (age range 20-59) |
? | DSM-III-R | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/_ TR/TE: 2500/80 |
WMH presence
BP: 34.4%; HC: 3.2% |
| Altshuler LL et al. (1995) (18) | BP=55 (BPI and BPII) HC=20 |
BP: 40.8 HC: 35.2 |
BP: 29/26 HC: 11/9 |
SADS | 0.5T, Philips Picker, T2W ST/IG: 10/_ TR/TE: 2000/30 |
WMH presence
BP: 58.2%; HC: 40% |
| Dupont RM et al. (1995)a (19) | BP=44 HC=32 |
BP:36.6 ± 10.7 HC:39.2 ± 8.9 |
BP: 28/16 HC: 19/13 |
DSM-III-R | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W? ST/IG: 5/2,5 TR/TE: 2000/25 |
WMH presence
BP: 45.5%; HC: 21.9% |
| Persaud R et al. (1997) (20) | BP=26 HC=34 |
BP: 35.6 HC: 31.6 (age range: 19-49) |
BP: 10/16 HC: 19/15 |
DSM-III-R | 0.5T, Philips Picker, T2W ST/IG: _/_ TR/TE: 2400/70 |
WMH presence
BP: 69.2%; HC: 85.3% |
| McDonald WM et al. (1999) (21) | BP=70 HC=70 |
BP: 49.4 HC: 53.2 (Age <60) |
BP:30/40 HC:32/38 |
DSM-III-R | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2.5 TR/TE: 2800/30; 80 |
PWMH presence
BP:31.4%; HC: 28.6% DWMH presence BP: 47.1%; HC: 25.7% |
| Krabbendam L et al. (2000) (22) | BP=22 HC=22 (age <60) |
BP: 47.7 ± 8.3 HC: 41.4 ± 11.3 |
BP: 5/17 HC: 10/12 |
DSM-IV | 1.5T, Philips Gyroscan, T2W ST/IG: 5/0.5 TR/TE: 3000/23; 120 |
PWMH presence
BP:27.3%; HC:4.5% DWMH presence BP: 90%; HC: 72.7% |
| Moore PB et al. (2001) (23) | BP=29 HC=15 |
BP: 44.66 HC: 41.9 (age range 20-65) |
BP: 15/14 HC: 7/8 |
DSM-IV | 0.5T, GE MR max plus, T2W ST/IG: 7/1 TR/TE: 2300/25; 100 |
DWMH presence
BP: 27.6%; HC:0% PWMH presence BP: 62%; HC: 46.7% |
| Sassi RB et al. (2003) (24) | BP=24 HC=38 |
BP: 34.2 ± 9.9 HC: 36.8 ± 9.7 (age range 19 to 59) |
BP: 15/9 HC: 24/14 |
DSM-IV | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/0 TR/TE: no data. |
WMH presence
BP: 50%; HC: 57.9% |
| Silverstone T et al. (2003) (25) | BP=13 HC=19 |
BP: 40.2 HC: 35.9 (age range 19-65) |
BP: 7/6 HC: 9/10 |
DSM-III-R and DSM-IV | 0.5T, Philips?, T2W ST/IG: 5/2.5 TR/TE: no data. |
WMH presence (Fazekas score
2 or 3) BP:53.8%; HC:26.3% |
| Ahn KH et al. (2004) (26) | BP=43 HC=39 |
BP: 36.9 ± 11.5 HC: 35.1 ± 9.7 (age range 18 to 59) |
BP: 19/24 HC: 17/22 |
DSM-IV | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2 TR/TE: 3000/30; 80 |
WMH presence
BP: 27.9%; HC: 10.3% |
| El-Badri SM et al. (2006) (27) | BP=50 HC=26 |
BP: 30.2 ± 6.2 HC: 30.2 ± 6.2 |
BP: 15/35 HC: 13/13 |
DSM-IV | 0.5T, GE MR max plus, T2W ST/IG: 7/1 TR/TE: 2300 TE:25/100 |
DWMH presence
BP: 10%; HC: 0% |
| Gulseren S et al. (2006) (28) | BP=12 HC=12 |
BP: 30.9 ± 3.6 HC: 30.4 ± 3.6 (aged ≤45) |
BP: 8/4 HC: 8/4 |
DSM-IV | 0.5T, GE Vectra, T2W ST/IG: 5/7 TR/TE: 2000/90 |
WMH presence
BP: 66.7%; HC: 33.3% PWMH presence BP: 0%; HC: 0% DWMH presence BP: 16.6%; HC: 8.3% |
| Tamashiro et al. (2008) (29) | BP=59 HC=24 |
BP: 68.76 ± 4.87 HC: 69 ± 7.22 (aged ≥60) |
BP: 20/39 HC: 6/18 |
DSM-IV and ICD-10 | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 6/0.6 TR/TE: 4000/98 |
WMH presence
Frontal PWMH - BP: 54.2%; HC: 33.3% Frontal DWMH - BP: 55.9%; HC: 45.8% Parietal DWMH - BP: 44%; HC: 29.1% |
| Lloyd AJ et al. (2009) (30) | BP=48 HC=47 |
BP: 44.5 ± 8.9 HC: 45.8 ± 8.3 |
BP: 22/26 HC: 19/28 |
DSM-IV | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/2 TR/TE: 3420/97.2 FLAIR ST/IG: 5/2 TR/TE/IT: 10002/142/2100 |
WMH presence
PVWMH – BP: 20.8%; HC: 8.5% DWMH – BP: 58.3%; HC: 42.6% |
| Macritchie KA et al. (2010) (31) | BP=28 HC=28 |
BP: 43 ± 11.5 HC: 43 ± 11.7 |
BP: 16/12 HC: 16/12 |
DSM-IV-TR | 1.5T, GE Signa, T2W ST/IG: 5/_ TR/TE: 5000/102 |
DWMH presence
BP: 42.9%; HC: 46.4% PWMH presence BP: 39.3%; HC: 25% |
| Kieseppä T et al. (2014) (32) | BP=28 HC=21 |
BP: 40.4 HC: 41.7 |
BP: 17/11 HC: 10/11 |
DSM-IV | 1.5T, Siemens Magnetom, T2W ST/IG: 5/1 TR/TE: 5300/112 FLAIR ST/IG: 5/1 TR/TE/IT: 10000/148/? |
DWMH presence
BP: 53.6%; HC: 33.3% PWMH presence BP: 42.8%; HC: 61.9% |
| Kieseppä T et al. (2022) (33) | BP=16 HC=19 |
BP: 45.85 HC: 49.6 |
BP: 9/7 HC: 8/11 |
DSM-IV |
Follow-up assessment:
3T, Philips Achieva, T2W ST/IG: 5/0.5 TR/TE: 4000/80 FLAIR ST/IG: 5/0.5 TR/TE/IT: 11000/120/? |
WMH presence at follow-up assessment:
BP:100%; HC:36.8% |
M, male; F, female; VRF, Cardiovascular risk factors; White Matter Hyperintensities, ST/IG, slice thickness/interscan gap; TR/TE, repetition time/echo time; TR/TE/IT, repetition time/echo time/inversion time; BP, bipolar patients; HC, healthy control; WM, white matter; WMH, white matter hyperintensities; PWMH, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensities; SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia; a October 1995.