Table 2.
Implementing the core components for infection prevention and control: Four country experiences from all over the world with focus on successes and challenges. USD: United States Dollar. IPC: infection prevention and control, HAI: healthcare-associated infections, COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019
| Country | Healthcare costs per capita in USD (year) [8] | Global Health Security Index 2021 [50] | Established infection prevention and control program | Success | Challenges |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senegal | 77 (2020) |
Overall: 32.8 Prevent: 11.0 Detect: 28.3 Respond: 41.3 Health:14.6 Norms: 54.0 Risk: 47.8 |
National IPC program introduced in 2004 | Overall performance of 52% of the minimum requirements. Well established IPC program at all levels of the healthcare system with a national budget | Lack of implementation and operational problems after more than a decade of active IPC program |
| Mexico | 539 (2020) |
Overall: 57.0 Prevent: 41.9 Detect: 54.3 Respond: 64.8 Health: 54.7 Norms: 68.1 Risk: 57.9 |
15 IPC initiatives: - 6 regulatory frameworks - 9 manuals or guidelines |
Sentinel Surveillance System for HAI since 1997. Local and individual achievements by institutions or universities. |
Development and implementation of collaborative strategies and overall reduction of HAI |
| Chile | 1,479 (2021) |
Overall: 56.2 Prevent: 47.2 Detect: 58.1 Respond: 59.5 Health: 52.9 Norms: 53.1 Risk: 66.2 |
National IPC program introduced in 1983 (mandatory since 1986) | Well established IPC program since decades. | COVID-19 pandemic with increase in HAI outbreaks and incidence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms while human resources were drastically reduced |
| Türkiye | 395 (2020) |
Overall: 50.0 Prevent: 51.1 Detect: 41.4 Respond: 36.6 Health: 53.9 Norms: 59.7 Risk: 57.2 |
National IPC program introduced in 2005 National action plan for prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance and sepsis introduced in 2019 |
Well established surveillance system for healthcare-associated infections and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. | Implementation of multimodal strategies, improving workload and staffing as well as bed occupancy |