Table 3.
Risk of PVE during different healthcare exposure time window periods prior to PVEa
| Type of exposures | Case: 1-30 days before PVE | Case: 1-90 days before PVE | Case: 1-180 days before PVE | Case: 90-180 days before PVE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | p-value | Odds ratio | p-value | Odds ratio | p-value | Odds ratio | p-value | |
| Coronary angiogram | 4.4 (1.9-10.3) | < 0.0001 | 3.9 (1.8-8.1) | < 0.0001 | 2.9 (1.4-6) | < 0.0001 | 1 (0.3-3.1) | 1 |
| Red cell transfusions | 4.3 (2.3-8.1) | < 0.0001 | 2.6 (1.5-4.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.5 (1.4-4.5) | < 0.0001 | 1.2 (0.6-2.5) | 0.3948 |
| Central venous catheter | 1.9 (0.3-12.6) | 0.2965 | 3.9 (1.1-14.5) | 0.002 | 3.6 (0.9-14.3) | 0.0059 | 1.9 (0.3-12.3) | 0.3196 |
| Gastroscopy | 1.9 (0.8-4.7) | 0.0322 | 1.9 (1-3.6) | 0.005 | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | 0.0262 | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 0.5845 |
| Skin biopsy | 8 (0.5-116.6) | 0.0227 | 6 (0.4-87.5) | 0.0497 | 3 (0.2-43.7) | 0.2288 | 0 (NA) | 0.9905 |
| Pacing wire insertion | 1.2 (0.2-7.5) | 0.7201 | 2.1 (0.7-6.2) | 0.0568 | 2.9 (1-8.3) | 0.0032 | 2.2 (0.6-7.7) | 0.0637 |
| Colonoscopy | 0.8 (0.2-2.6) | 0.5053 | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 0.0581 | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | 0.1826 | 1.2 (0.6-2.4) | 0.5708 |
| Hemodialysis | 4.3 (0.8-24.9) | 0.0142 | 2.8 (0.5-17.5) | 0.0948 | 6.9 (0.7-71.2) | 0.0151 | 4.2 (0.5-37) | 0.0497 |
| Open-heart cardiac valve surgeryb | 1.8 (0.2-17.2) | 0.4196 | 2 (0.4-10) | 0.2057 | 0.8 (0.2-3.6) | 0.6181 | 0 (NA) | 0.9898 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 2.7 (0.3-28.2) | 0.2066 | 2.1 (0.3-13.3) | 0.248 | 1.5 (0.2-9) | 0.5248 | 0.5 (0-11.2) | 0.5134 |
| Cystoscopy | 1 (0.2-4.8) | 0.9669 | 0.8 (0.3-2.5) | 0.5581 | 1.2 (0.5-3.1) | 0.5813 | 1.5 (0.5-4.1) | 0.2657 |
| Chemotherapy | 0 (NA) | 0.9902 | 0 (NA) | 0.9905 | 2 (0-127) | 0.624 | 4 (0.1-254) | 0.327 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 0 (NA) | 0.9908 | 0 (NA) | 0.9924 | 0 (NA) | 0.9939 | 0 (NA) | 0.9924 |
| Bronchoscopy | 0 (NA) | 0.9915 | 1 (0–26.6) | 1 | 0.5 (0–13.3) | 0.5353 | 0 (NA) | 0.9913 |
| Any healthcare exposure | 2.7 (2-3.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.7 (2.1-3.7) | < 0.0001 | 2.6 (1.9-3.6) | < 0.0001 | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | < 0.0001 |
NA not applicable, PVE post cardiac valve surgery endocarditis
aBased on case crossover design. Cases were compared to a control period of the preceding one year (Fig. 2). Conditional logistic regression method was used. Bonferroni corrected critical p-value for multiple comparisons was 0.0036, and 95% confidence interval was Bonferroni adjusted
bRefers to repeat open-heart cardiac valve surgery after the index surgery