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. 2024 Jan 26;14:1288256. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288256

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Copyright © 2024 Gan, Chen, Zhong, Liu, Geng, Wang and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Venn diagram showing shared clinical and microbial features among ASD, RTT, and AS. NDDs with similar clinical features show some microbial compositional features that are enriched/reduced in the same taxa. The main overlap, both clinical and microbial. Among the three NDDs, ASD, RTT and AS, multiple studies have shown increased abundance of Bacteroides and decreased abundance of Streptococcus. Different colored circles represent different NDDs; pink, ASD; green, RTT; purple, AS. Overlapping regions have the same abundance trend. Red arrows, increasing relative abundance, blue arrows, decreasing relative abundance.