Figure 5:

Example of a modular directed acylic graph structure to illustrate Condition (iii) in Theorems 4.11 and 4.13. (a) Module $F_i$ can be removed from the control search as long as conditions (i) and (ii) are satisfied, and the phenotype of interest depends only on any subset of variables that are part of the blue modules. (b) When a node in module $F_m$ is regulated by a node in module $F_k$ (indicated by the red edge in the directed acyclic graph), the phenotype may no longer depend on nodes in $F_m$, in order for module $F_i$ to be removable from the control search.