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. 2024 Feb 6;16(1):2307542. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2307542

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — (a) Differential analysis of microbial community composition in feces at the genus level between gastric cancer (GC) patients (GC, n = 20) and healthy individuals (Normal, n = 20). Differential analysis was performed on all species at each level, with the bar graph showing the top 30 species with p-values <0.05 and including differential species. Differential species were shown on the x-axis (arranged in order of abundance from left to right) and the y-axis indicated relative abundance. Bar heights indicated relative abundance of species in the different groups. (b) PCoA 2D plot: the green represented Normal and the red performed GC, and the closer the samples were, the more similar their microbial community structured, indicating less variation. (c) Violin plot: the p-value in the upper left corner represented the results of the rank-sum test for GC and Normal groups in the plot. * significant difference, ** highly significant difference, ns, non-significant difference. (d-e) GC-MS analysis of SCFA contents, including acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids, in the feces (D) and serum (E) of GC patients (n = 20) and healthy individuals (n = 20). (f-g) Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of levels of GPR109A, GPR43, and GPR41 in cancer and adjacent tissues from GC patients (n = 50 to 60 pairs). (h) mRNA expression of GPR109A, GPR43, and GPR41 in tumor and control tissues from GC patients (n = 6 pairs). (i) Western blotting of SCFA receptors (GPR109A/GPR43/GPR41) in GES-1 and GC cell lines MGC-803, HGC-27, and SNU-216, together with changes in expression after 10 mM Ac and 5 mM Bu treatment. Data indicate the mean ± SD. *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001, by 2-tailed Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA. Mann-Whitney U test was used for differential comparison of two groups of samples with biological replicates; Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of multiple groups of samples with biological replicates. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.