Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by resistant hypertension.
|
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL n = 1378 | Non-RH (n = 1164) | RH (n = 214) | P-VALUE | |
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 12.9 | 55.6 ± 13.1 | 55.5 ± 11.8 | 0.990 |
|
| ||||
| Sex | ||||
|
| ||||
| Male | 606 (43.9%) | 496 (42.6%) | 110 (51.4%) | 0.017 |
|
| ||||
| Female | 773 (56.1%) | 669 (57.4%) | 104 (48.6%) | |
|
| ||||
| Duration of hypertension (months) | 98.6 ± 99.0 | 92.5 ± 95.9 | 129.1 ± 108.7 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 6.5 ± 3.1 | 0.010 |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 284 (20.6%) | 227 (19.5%) | 57 (26.6%) | 0.018 |
|
| ||||
| Family history of hypertension | 783 (56.7%) | 651 (55.9%) | 132 (61.7%) | 0.011 |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use | 415 (30.1%) | 341 (29.3%) | 74 (34.6%) | 0.198 |
|
| ||||
| Tobacco use | 79 (5.7%) | 62 (5.3%) | 17 (7.9%) | 0.204 |
|
| ||||
| First office SBP (mmHg) | 145 ± 23 | 143 ± 21 | 160 ± 23 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| First office DBP (mmHg) | 88 ± 14 | 87 ± 14 | 93 ± 15 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Office SBP at control (mmHg) | 125 ± 14 | 123 ± 13 | 132 ± 17 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Office DBP at control (mmHg) | 77 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | 79 ± 12 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.542 |
|
| ||||
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/l) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.525 |
|
| ||||
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/l) | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.616 |
|
| ||||
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.050 |
|
| ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 917 (70.6%) | 770 (70.5%) | 147 (71.4%) | 0.807 |
|
| ||||
| Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 660 (47.9%) | 535 (45.9%) | 125 (59.0%) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Number of antihypertensives | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| No of office visits before BP control | 2.87 ± 1.58 | 2.66 ± 1.20 | 3.96 ± 2.59 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| BP Control | <0.001 | |||
|
| ||||
| Controlled Non-RH | 1105 (80.1%) | 1105 (94.8%) | 0.0 (0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Controlled RH | 169 (12.3%) | 0.0 (0%) | 169 (79.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Uncontrolled Non-RH | 60 (4.4%) | 60 (5.2%) | 0.0 (0%) | |
|
| ||||
| Uncontrolled RH | 45 (3.3%) | 0.0 (0.0%) | 45 (21.0%) | |
|
| ||||
| White coat hypertension | 23 (1.7%) | 16 (1.4%) | 7 (3.3%)* | 0.073 |
|
| ||||
| Serum creatinine (µmol/l) | 98.0 ± 36.8 | 96.9 ± 37.4 | 103.6 ± 33.1 | 0.009 |
|
| ||||
| eGFR (mls/min/1.73 m2) | 72.3 ± 19.8 | 72.9 ± 19.8 | 69.4 ± 19.5 | 0.018 |
|
| ||||
| LVMI (g/m2) | 107.9 ± 36.2 | 107.4 ± 36.7 | 111.0 ± 33.1 | 0.177 |
|
| ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 64 ± 14 | 64 ± 15 | 67 ± 12 | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| Heart Failure | 207 (15.0%) | 188 (16.1%) | 19 (8.9%) | 0.006 |
|
| ||||
| HFrEF/HFmrEF | 145 (10.5%) | 137 (11.8%) | 8 (3.7%) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| HFpEF | 62 (4.5%) | 51 (4.4%) | 11 (5.1%) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 86 (6.2%) | 63 (5.4%) | 23 (10.7%) | 0.003 |
|
| ||||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 35 (2.5%) | 25 (2.1%) | 10 (4.7%) | 0.031 |
|
| ||||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 27 (2.0%) | 22 (1.9%) | 5 (2.3%) | 0.664 |
|
| ||||
BP- Blood pressure, BMI- Body mass index, DBP- Diastolic blood pressure, eGFR- Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HFpEF- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFmrEF- Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF- Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, LVMI- Left ventricular mass index, RH- Resistant hypertension, No- Number, SBP- Systolic blood pressure.