Table 2.
Negative prognostic components of the complement system investigated in RCC.
| Study | Negative Prognostic Complement Factor Evaluated | Laboratory Investigation | Patients (n) | Type of Study [R: Retrospective; P: Prospective] |
Stage (%) | Survival Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L.T. Roumenina et al., Cancer Immunol. Res., 2019 [102] | C1q C3 C4 C4d |
IHC | Cohort 1: 106 | R | I (40) II (6) III (41) IV (14) |
C1q OP: PFS p = 0.008, OS p = 0.0016 Stage I–II: PFS p = 0.711, OS p = 0.256 Stage III–IV: PFS p = 0.00356, OS p = 0.00198 |
| C4c OP: PFS p = 0.0235, OS p = 0.0299 | ||||||
| C4d OP: PFS p = 0.013, OS p = 0.007 | ||||||
| C3 OP: PFS p = 0.0349, OS p = 0.07 | ||||||
| Cohort 2: 154 | R | I (40) II (5) III (54) IV (2) |
C1q: Stage I–II: PFS p = 0.527, Stage III–IV: PFS p = 0.0109 |
|||
| Cohort 3: 43 | R | IV (100) |
C1q: PFS p = 0.00276, OS p = 0.00126
C4d: PFS p = 0.0176 |
|||
| M.V. Daugan et al. Cancer Immunol. Res., 2021 [103] | C1s C4d deposits Plasma C4d |
IHC IHC Plasma |
Cohort 1: 82 | R | I (40) II (6) III (39) IV (15) |
C4d deposits OP: PFS p = 0.00176 |
| Cohort 2: 26 | P | / | Plasma C4d OP: PFS p = 0.09 | |||
| Cohort 3:92 (longer FU) |
P | I (54) II (8) III (17) IV (18) |
Plasma C4d OP: PFS p = 0.0125 | |||
| Wei Xi et al. Scientific Reports, 2016 [59] | C5a | IHC | 272 | R | I (62) II (8) III (24) IV (7) |
OP: OS p = 0.011, DFS p = 0.079 Stage I–II: OS p = 0.845 Stage III–IV: OS p < 0.001 |
| C. Yang et al. IJBM, 2023 [105] | C5a | IHC | 231 | IV | OS p = 0.0199, PFS p = 0.0138 | |
| Dong et al., BMC 2021 [106] | C3 C3AR1 |
Transcriptomics analysis | 532 (TCGA-KIRC dataset) | R | C3 OP: OS p = 0.0004, RFS p = 0.007 C3AR1 OP: OS p = 0.204, RFS p = 0.323 |
|
| Daugan et al. Cancer Immunol. Res., 2021 [107] | mb-FH int-FH |
IHC | Cohort 1: 133 | R | I (0) II (24) III (64) IV (9) |
OP mb-FH: DFS p = 0.14 OP int-FH: DFS p = 0.004 |
| Cohort 2:91 | R | I (5) II (22) III (48) IV (8) |
OP mb-FH: PFS p = 0.226, OS p = 0.627 OP int-FH: PFS p = 0.0274, OS p = 0.0727 |
|||
| Netti et al. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 [108] | PTX3 | Plasma | Cohort 1: 168 | R | pT1 (62) pT2 (14) pT3 (21) pT4 (3) pN+ (20) cM+ (18) |
10-yr OS rate: 73.7% ↓PTX3 vs. 48.4% ↑PTX3, p = 0.002 |
Abbreviations: IHC, immunohistochemistry; OP, overall population; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; C4d, C4 deposits: RFS, relapse-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival. Up arrows: “high level”; down arrows: “low level”.