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. 2024 Jan 29;14(3):435. doi: 10.3390/ani14030435

Table 1.

List of models of methane emission from ruminants (Beef cattle, Dairy, Holstein cattle).

Year Equation 1 r2 Reference
2003 Methane (MJ/d) [67]
(1): = 5.93 (SE 1.60) + 0.92 (SE 0.08) × DMI (kg/d) 0.60
(2): = 8.25 (SE 1.63) + 0.07 (SE 0.007) MEI (MJ/d) 0.55
(3): = 7.30 (SE 1.58) + 13.13 (SE 3.41) N (kg/d) + 2.04 (SE 0.41) ADF (kg/d) + 0.33 (SE 0.18) Starch (kg/d) 0.57
(4): = 1.06 (SE 2.41) + 10.27 (SE 3.59) Dietary forage proportion + 0.87 (SE 0.074) DMI 0.61
2007 Beef cattle [56]
(1): CH4 (MJ/d) = 2.94 (±1.16) + 0.0585 (±0.0201) × ME intake (MJ/d) + 1.44 (±0.331) × ADF (kg/d) − 4.16 (±1.93) × lignin (kg/d) 0.85
(2): CH4 (MJ/d) = 0.183 (±1.85) + 0.0433 (±0.0170) × ME intake (MJ/d) + 0.647 (±0.244) × NDF (kg/d) + 0.0372 (±0.0186) × forage (%) 0.74
Dairy
(1): CH4 (MJ/d) = 2.16 (±1.62) + 0.493 (±0.192) × DMI (kg/d) − 1.36 (±0.631) × ADF (kg/d) + 1.97 (±0.561) × NDF (kg/d) 0.63
(2): CH4 (MJ/d) = 1.64 (±1.56) + 0.396 (±0.0170) × ME intake (MJ/d) + 1.45 (±0.521) × NDF (kg/d) 0.59
Combined
(1): CH4 (MJ/d) = 3.69 (±0.993) + 0.543 (±0.132) × DMI (kg/d) + 0.698 (±0.247) × NDF (kg/d) − 3.26 (±1.56) × lignin (kg/d) 0.71
(2): CH4 (MJ/d) = 3.41 (±0.973) + 0.520 (±0.120) × DMI (kg/d) − 0.996 (±0.447) × ADF (kg/d) + 1.15 (±0.321) × NDF (kg/d) 0.67
2013 CH4 production (MJ/d) [68]
(1): = 1.36 (±0.10) × DMI − 0.125 (±0.039) × FA − 0.02 (±0.012) × CP + 0.017 (±0.005) × NDF 0.77
(2): = 1.23 (±0.08) × DMI − 0.145 (±0.039) × FA + 0.012 (±0.005) × NDF 0.75
(3): = 1.39 (±0.06) × DMI − 0.091 (±0.036) × FA 0.70
(4): = 1.26 (±0.03) × DMI 0.66
(5): = 738 (±54) × DMI_BW − 0.145 (±0.044) × FA + 0.013 (±0.005) × NDF 0.68
(6): = 0.0026 (±0.0004) × rdNDF + 0.0020 (±0.0004) × rdstarch + 0.0032 (±0.0004) × rdrestCHO 0.59
2013 (1): CH4-E/GE (kJ/MJ) = −0.6 (±12.76) − 0.70 (±0.072) × DMIBW (g/kg) + 0.076 (±0.0118) × OMDm (g/kg) − 0.13 (±0.020) × EE (g/kg of DM) + 0.046 (±0.0097) × NDF (g/kg of DM) + 0.044 (±0.0094) × NFC (g/kg of DM) RMSE
(3.26 kJ/MJ)		 [68]
(2): CH4 (L/d) = −64.0 (±35.0) + 26.0 (±1.02) × DM intake (kg/d) − 0.61 (±0.132) × DMI2 (centered) + 0.25 (±0.051) × OMDm (g/kg) − 66.4 (±8.22) × EE intake (kg of DM/d) − 45.0 (±23.50) × NFC/(NDF + NFC) RMSE
(21.1 L/d)
(3): CH4-E/GE = 0.96 (±0.103) × predicted CH4-E/GE + 2.3 (±7.05) RMSE
(3.38 kJ/MJ)
2014 Holstein cattle [69]
6 months old
(1): CH4 (g/day−1) = 0.341(0.128) BW (kg) + 30.7(22.7) 0.26
(2): CH4 (g/day−1) = 26.0(4.22) DM intake (kg day−1) − 11.1(17.2) 0.67
(3): CH4-E (MJ day−1) = 0.765(0.0112) GE intake (MJ day−1) − 0.660(0.868) 0.72
12 months old
(1): CH4 (g day−1) = 0.319(0.0983) BW (kg) + 57.0(31.6) 0.34
(2): CH4 (g day−1) = 16.7(2.14) DM intake (kg day−1) + 47.2(14.4) 0.76
(3): CH4-E (MJ day−1) = 0.048(0.0054) GE intake (MJ day−1) + 2.53(0.721) 0.80
18 months old
(1): 0.234(0.122) BW (kg) + 59.5(60.3) 0.12
(2): 14.1(4.68) DM intake (kg day−1) + 73.3(34.0) 0.30
(3): 0.032(0.0121) GE intake (MJ day−1) + 4.89(1.84) 0.24
22 months old
(1): 0.275(0.0675) BW (kg) + 32.0(38.4) 0.45
(2): 13.3(4.28) DM intake (kg day−1) + 79.4(35.2) 0.31
(3): 0.032(0.0127) GE intake (MJ day−1) + 5.15(2.10) 0.22
2016 Enteric methane emissions (EME; MJ/day) [58]
(1): = 0.242 (×0.073) + 0.0511 (×0.0073) × digestible energy intake 0.83
(2): = −1.04 (±0.271) + 2.21 (±0.395) × neutral detergent fiber intake × 2.42 (±1.10) × ether extract (EE) intake + 1.456 (±0.323) × non-fiber carbohydrate intake + 0.0208 (±0.0039) × OM digestibility at maintenance level of feeding (OMDm) − 0.513 (±0.137) × feeding level (FL) 0.82
(3): = −0.885 (±0.154) + 0.809 (±0.0867) × dry matter intake − 0.397 (±0.0494) × FL + 0.0198 (±0.0022) × OMDm + 2.04 (±0.234) × acid detergent fiber intake −8.54 (±0.548) × EE intake 0.88
(4): = 1.721 (±0.151) × {1 − exp(−0.0721 (±0.0092) × metabolizable energy intake)} 0.79
2016 Single linear prediction of methane emissions from nonpregnant nonlactating dairy cows [70]
CH4 (methane emissions) (kg/d)
(1): = 50.67(14.03) + 19.95(2.16) DMI (kg/d) 0.67
(2): = 50.85(13.52) + 21.63(2.28) OMI (kg/d) 0.68
(3): = 73.15(16.01) + 20.56(3.10) DDMI (kg/d) 0.61
(4): = 63.19(15.31) + 23.78(3.15) DOMI (kg/d) 0.62
CH4-E (methane energy output) (MJ/d)
(1): = 2.727(0.807) + 0.061(0.007) GEI (kg/d) 0.68
(2): = 4.341(0.887) + 0.060(0.009) DEI (kg/d) 0.63
(3): = 6.110(0.805) + 0.047(0.010) MEI (kg/d) 0.62
2020 CH4 emissions (g/day) [65]
(1): = 0.44 (±0.02) × BW 0.63
(2): = 213 (±21.0) + 6.26 (±0.85) × milk 0.57
(3): = 117 (±7.97) + 36.1 (±12.1) × ADG 0.14
(4): = 19.4 (±7.25) + 16.7 (±1.09) × DMI 0.78
(5): = 63.8 (±11.6) + 0.96 (±0.07) × GEI (for dairy cattle)
63.8 (±11.6) + 0.72 (±0.10) × GEI (for mature cattle)		 0.79
(6): = 68.1 (±13.5) + 12.4 (±1.99) × DMI − 0.53 (±0.26) × EE 0.63
(7): = 111 (±18.6) + 23.0 (±2.35) × dDMI − 31.3 (±9.41) × FL − 0.08 (±0.04) × NFC 0.78
(8): = 17.0 (±0.99) × DMI + 0.03 (±0.01) × NDF 0.81
(9): = 18.1 (±1.23) × DMI + 0.33 (±0.15) × Forage − 0.30 (±0.20) × dOM 0.80

1 Equation parameters are ±SE, FA = fatty acids, NDF = Neutral detergent fiber, ADF = Acid detergent fiber, CP = Crude protein, DMI = Dry matter intake (kg/day), ME intake (MJ/d) = Metabolizable energy intake, rd_ = rumen degraded nutrient (g/d), td_total digested amounts, rdrestCHO = rest fraction of carbohydrates calculated as the residue when subtracting protein, fat, starch, NDF and fermentation products from organic matter, OMDm = OM digestibility determined at a maintenance level of feeding = OMD + 1.83 × (DMIBW − 10), GE = Growth energy, DMIBW = Dry matter intake per kg body weight, dOM = digestibility of OM, DDMI = Digestible dry matter intake, DOMI = Digestible organic matter intake, DEI = Digestible energy intake, dNDF = digestibility of NDF, DDMI = digestible DM intake (kg/day), CH4-E = CH4 energy, BW = animal body weight (kg), FL = feeding level (%BW), Forage = forage percentage in the diet, GEI = gross energy intake (MJ/day), RMSE = Root mean square error.