Table 1.

Summary of various families of HSPs and their members with details of cellular location and key functions.

HSP Family	Important Members	Co-Chaperones	Location	Functions	Ref.
Small HSPs	HSP10	None	Mitochondria	Binds with HSP60 to form chaperonin complex, favors cellular protein folding	[20,21]
	HSP27		Cytosol/ Nucleus	Prevents unfolded protein aggregation
HSP40/DNAJ	HSP40	None	Cytosol	Co-chaperone for HSP70, enhances the rate of its ATP activity and substrate release	[22]
	Tid1	None	Cytosol
		None	Mitochondria
HSP60	HSP60	HSP10	Cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplast	Protein folding and assembly with the help of HSP10	[23]
HSP70	HSP70	Bag1, HSP40, Grpe, Hip, Hop, CHIP, Bag3,	Cytosol	Employed in trafficking of proteins, their degradation, and refolding of denatured proteins during stress	[24,25]
	HSP70-2		Cell surface
	HSC70		Cytosol
	GRP75/Mortalin		Mitochondria
	GRP78		Endoplasmic reticulum
HSP90	HSP90A	P23, FKBP51, FKBP52, dc37, Aha1, Cyp40, Hop	Cytosol	Assist folding, maturation, intracellular transport, and degradation of proteins	[26,27]
	HSP90B		Cytosol
	GRP94		Endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol
	TRAP1		Mitochondria
Large HSPs	HSP110	None	Cytosol	HSP110 regulates the kinetics of HSP70 and substrate interaction in thermal stress condition.	[28,29,30]
	GRP170		Endoplasmic reticulum	Folding assembly and transportation of secretory or transmembrane proteins	[31,32]