Table 3.

Studies on behavior and activity detection for different livestock species using smartphones.

Species	Aim	Technology	Livestock System	Country	Main Result	Reference
Cattle	Evaluation of CattleFaceNet in cattle’s face recognition	RetinaFace–MobileNet for face detection and location, and ArcFace	Intensive	China	Accuracy of 91.3% in face identification	[139]
	Classifying cattle’s rumination behaviors and grass intake, based on data collected from a smartphone	Smartphone (iPhone 4S), fitted to cows in a halter	Semi-extensive	Belgium	Accuracy of 92% in detecting grass intake and ruminating behaviors	[28]
Goat	Evaluation of the efficiency of the Eskardillo tool, in managing farm production	Eskardillo (an Android smartphone-based terminal)	Intensive	Spain	The farms in question reduced their unproductive and dry period lengths	[141]
Sheep	Study the effects of farm management and conditions on sheep’s lameness	Lameness smartphone application	Semi-extensive	United Kingdom	Lameness can be caused by many factors	[140]

The number of animals in the research varied between 12 and 19 and the farm between 2 and 18.